Faculty Publications (Humanities)
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Item Coastal fort: A history of Fort Sullivan, Eastport, Maine(Border Historical Society, 1984) Zimmerman, DavidCoastal Fort is intended to be as definitive a history of Fort Sullivan at Eastport, Moose Island, Maine as possible. The fort's activities are followed over more than 100 years of development-from the early days of suppressing the smuggling trade (1808-1814), the British occupation (1814-1818), the middle years (1818-1860) and the period from the Civil War (1860-1865) to the present. In doing so, the study outlines the fort's significance not only in the history of Eastport, but also in the history of Maine, the United States and New Brunswick. A recent article in The American Historical Review by R. H. Kohn states that much more work needs to be done in American military history.* Coastal Fort begins such work, providing a valuable case study of the American (and to a much lesser extent the British) army. It shows the usefulness of detailed garrison studies in filling in gaps of our knowledge on the social structure of the American army before 1900. Just how valuable the study will prove in this regard over time, must await the fulfilling of the clear need for more studies on American civil-military relations in the nineteenth century, for it is uncertain if the relationship between the Fort Sullivan garrison and Eastport was typical. Furthermore, more work remains to be undertaken on Eastport's social and economic history.'Item The great naval battle of Ottawa: How admirals, scientists, and politicians impeded the development of high technology in Canada's wartime navy(University of Toronto Press, 1989) Zimmerman, DavidDuring the Second World War, the Royal Canadian Navy played a vital role in the Battle of the Atlantic, second only to that of the Royal Navy. But in its sea war against the German submarines, the RCN was hampered by battles of another kind. Mackenzie King's nationalistic policies blocked it from cooperating with other forces, and the Royal Navy failed to give it the high-technology equipment needed to detect and destroy U-boats. In the face of these obstacles the RCN was forced to develop from an almost non-existent pre-war infrastructure a system of supplying its escort vessels with the necessary electronic detection systems and anti-submarine weaponry. The Great Naval Rattle of Ottawa tells the story of how Canadian naval officers, scientists, and politicians tried to come to grips with the harsh realities of this war of high technology in the Atlantic. It was a battle fought not on the high seas but in the offices of the nation's capital. David Zimmerman offers an account of national failure. The reasons were diverse - the limited pre-war infrastructure, poor leadership, naval conservatism, inadequate international technical liaison, and the Admiralty's refusal to give reasonable assistance to Canadian efforts. One key factor was the failure to integrate effectively the scientist with the sailor, caused by the different institutional goals of the navy and the National Research Council of Canada. Zimmerman suggests that C.J. Mackenzie, the NRC president, was an empire builder rather man an effective manager, and lacked the inspired genius to link science with the navy. By focusing on the relations and achievements of the various institutions involved and on the personalities who influenced them, David Zimmerman debunks the myth of Canadian scientific success in the war. What remains in its place is an account of mismanagement, self-interest, and political expediency.Item Fishing in turbulent waters: Resilience, risk, and trust in British Columbia’s declining commercial salmon fishery(FACETS, 2024) del Valle, Elias; Neal, Benjamin; Martínez-Candelas, Ilse; Dann, Patrick; Webb, Dawn; McClenachan, LorenThe impacts fishing communities face as a result of declining fisheries productivity and access may largely hinge on measurable attributes of their social resilience. Wild-origin Pacific salmon populations have been in a marked decline since the 1960s, resulting in progressively declining access for many commercial fisheries. More recent acute stressors have caused appreciable tribulation to commercial fishers in British Columbia, raising concern over their capacity to remain viable in the industry, and underscoring the need to examine the fishery under a social resilience framework. Here, we coupled an online survey instrument with in-depth interviews to assess commercial salmon fishers’ social resilience, socioeconomic characteristics, risk perceptions, trust in fishery management, and the relationships between these variables. Our results show that social resilience is low overall, with older, more experienced, and less diversified fishers being particularly vulnerable to declining salmon access. While 73% of fishers reported having plans to adapt to future declines in salmon access, 92% reported feeling that there are barriers impeding their adaptation, and 75% reported having no trust in fisheries management helping them adapt. Fishers’ social resilience was positively correlated with their trust in, and perceived trust from fisheries management.Item Writing & power: Positions and policies for social change(2024) Humphreys, Sara; Gaudet, Loren; Collins, Jason; Boldt, NatalieAcademia – including universities, colleges, and funding agencies – privilege and value a certain meta genre, or overarching kind, of writing above all others: academic writing. Yet, academic writing is all too often part of the "hidden curriculum" or lessons and habits that students gain as part of tacit learning, role modeling, and internalizing (sometimes damaging) assumptions. Moreover, because this learning is often occluded, it can reproduce assumptions about "good" writing that are based on normalized whiteness and colonial frameworks. Academic writing professionals and administrators need accessible position statements, policy briefings, and resources to draw from so that they can create equitable, inclusive, and anti-oppressive academic writing praxes. To meet these goals, our team held a series of virtual workshops in the fall of 2024 that invited keynote interviewees who are empowering students from marginalized and colonized populations to express their ways of knowing in academic contexts. In total, we interviewed 16 experts working in various areas of anti-oppressive academic writing praxis and over 40 workshop participants shared how they are challenging and dismantling systems of oppression often entrenched in academic writing. In addition to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, we are indebted to the workshop participants, interviewees, the Island Deaf and Hard of Hearing Centre (IDHHC), Danica Paul (Knowledge Keeper and Ləkʷəŋən youth from the Songhees Nation) – who provided land acknowledgment and welcome for all the workshops – the technical support workers, Faculty of Humanities (especially the Research Office), and cleaning staff at the University of Victoria for making these workshops, and therefore this project, possible.Item L2 reading assessment from a sociocultural theory perspective: The contributions of dynamic assessment(Education Sciences, 2024) Kushki, Ali; Nassaji, HosseinOur understanding of assessing L2 reading has significantly expanded in recent years, including both theoretical and practical aspects. There is a growing consensus that reading comprehension involves multiple skills and subskills. Classroom-based assessment practices reflecting such conceptualizations have also become widely utilized. This article explores the Vygotskyan sociocultural theory (SCT) and its implications for L2 reading assessment, with a specific focus on dynamic assessment as an effective classroom-based approach for L2 reading and literacy instruction. We will review the research that has applied DA principles to the assessment and teaching of L2 reading. We conclude by outlining potential avenues for future DA research and L2 reading instruction.Item Book reviews: Tomorrow sex will be good again(Sexualities, 2021) Cacchioni, TheaItem The history of History(Department of History, University of Victoria, 2012) Roy, PatItem What physicalism could be(Analytic Philosophy, 2024) Raven, MichaelThe physicalist credo is that the world is physical. But some phenomena, such as minds, morals, and mathematics, appear to be nonphysical. While an uncompromising physicalism would reject these, a conciliatory physicalism need not if it can account for them in terms of an underlying physical basis. Any such account must refer to the nonphysical. But will not this unavoidable reference to the nonphysical conflict with the physicalist credo? This essay aims to clarify this problem and introduce a novel solution that relies on a distinction between “circumstantial” facts that are based in the circumstances and “acircumstantial” facts that are not. This is used in two ways. First, physicalism is restricted to circumstantial facts: Only they must have a physical basis that does not refer to the nonphysical. Second, facts accounting for the nonphysical are not restricted to the circumstantial: They may refer to the nonphysical if they are acircumstantial. Facts about how the physical accounts for the nonphysical therefore do not conflict with the physicalist's credo. This provides a credible answer to what physicalism could be.Item Bionovelty and ecological restoration(Restoration Ecology, 2024) Volpe, John P.; Higgs, Eric; Jeschke, Jonathan M.; Barnhill, Katie; Brunk, Conrad; Dudney, Joan; Govers, Laura; Hobbs, Richard; Keenleyside, Karen; Murphy, Stephen D.; Seddon, Philip J.; Sudweeks, Jayce; Telhan, Orkan; Voicescu, SoniaAnthropogenic activity has irreparably altered the ecological fabric of Earth. The emergence of ecological novelty from diverse drivers of change is an increasingly challenging dimension of ecosystem restoration. At the same time, the restorationist's tool kit continues to grow, including a variety of powerful and increasingly prevalent technologies. Thus, ecosystem restoration finds itself at the center of intersecting challenges. How should we respond to increasingly common emergence of environmental system states with little or no historical precedent, whilst considering the appropriate deployment of potentially consequential and largely untested interventions that may give rise to organisms, system states, and/or processes that are likewise without historical precedent? We use the term bionovelty to encapsulate these intersecting themes and examine the implications of bionovelty for ecological restoration.Item Evangelical literary tradition and moral foundations theory(The Journal of American Culture, 2024) Douglas, ChristopherItem L2 reading assessment from a sociocultural theory perspective: The contributions of dynamic assessment(Educational Sciences, 2024) Kushki, Ali; Nassaji, HosseinOur understanding of assessing L2 reading has significantly expanded in recent years, including both theoretical and practical aspects. There is a growing consensus that reading comprehension involves multiple skills and subskills. Classroom-based assessment practices reflecting such conceptualizations have also become widely utilized. This article explores the Vygotskyan sociocultural theory (SCT) and its implications for L2 reading assessment, with a specific focus on dynamic assessment as an effective classroom-based approach for L2 reading and literacy instruction. We will review the research that has applied DA principles to the assessment and teaching of L2 reading. We conclude by outlining potential avenues for future DA research and L2 reading instruction.Item Cetaceans in the city: Orca captivity, animal rights, and environmental values in Vancouver(University of Calgary Press, 2017) Colby, JasonAnimal Metropolis brings a Canadian perspective to the growing field of animal history, ranging across species and cities, from the beavers who engineered Stanley Park to the carthorses who shaped the city of Montreal. Some essays consider animals as spectacle: orca captivity in Vancouver, polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, fish on display in the Dominion Fisheries Museum, and the racialized memory of Jumbo the elephant in St. Thomas, Ontario. Others examine the bodily intimacies of shared urban spaces: the regulation of rabid dogs in Banff, the maternal politics of pure milk in Hamilton and the circulation of tetanus bacilli from horse to human in Toronto. Another considers the marginalization of women in Canada’s animal welfare movement. The authors collectively push forward from a historiography that features nonhuman animals as objects within human-centered inquiries to a historiography that considers the eclectic contacts, exchanges, and cohabitation of human and nonhuman animals. With contributions by: Kristoffer Archibald, Jason Colby, George Colpitts, Joanna Dean, Carla Hustak, Darcy Ingram, Sean Kheraj, William Knight, Sherry Olson, Rachel Poliquin, and Christabelle SethnaItem Forgotten whales, fading codfish: Perceptions of "natural" ecosystems inform visions of future recovery(People and Nature, 2023) McClenachan, Loren; Neal, Benjamin1. Perceptions of past ecological change affect views of current ecosystem state, but how do baselines help to shape stakeholders' visions of an idealized future? 2. Here, we investigate links between perceptions of natural baselines and visions for the nearshore Gulf of Maine among a key stakeholder group, active lobster fishers. We ask three related questions: (1) What do fishers perceive as a ‘natural’ Gulf of Maine? (2) How do perceptions of the past predict individual and collective visions of an ideal future? and (3) How is existing management perceived as supporting these visions? 3. We found that fishers perceived the ecosystem to be ‘natural’ an average of one decade before they started fishing. Three species dominated views of natural systems: cod Gadus morhua, lobster Homarus americanus, and herring Clupea harengus, but while long-time fishers associated abundant cod with a natural nearshore Gulf of Maine, memories of a historically cod-rich Gulf of Maine were fading among some younger fishers who began their careers after the cod crash in the 1990s. Perceptions of ‘natural’ ecosystems dictated future visions for the majority of taxa; on average, fishers remembered and desired abundant cod and herring, but perceived halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and endangered right whales Eubalaena glacialis to have always been rare. 4. Fishers described a vision for the future based on views of past ecological and social baselines, including fisheries deconsolidation and diversification, but expressed a lack of shared vision with and trust in federal management institutions to achieve these goals. In particular, memories of cod abundance in the 1970s and 1980s were coupled with memories of a diversified and accessible fishery, but fishers doubted that the recovery of cod would result in their restored access to cod fisheries. 5. Together our results demonstrate that past personal experiences limit perceptions of what is possible, highlighting both the value and limitations of local ecological knowledge in places that have experienced ecological change over centuries. They also demonstrate how stakeholder perceptions of both social and ecological baselines shape visions for future ecosystems but are mediated by contemporary issues like trust in institutions and fisheries access.Item Can the congenital Zika virus syndrome crisis contribute to challenging contemporary discourses against abortion legalization in Brazil?(ethic@, 2018) Amoroso Gonçalves, Tamara; Rosendo, DanielaIn this paper we will explore the widespread of congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil associated with abyssal social inequalities as a trigger to push for abortion legalization from a human rights perspective. Brazil has a very restrictive regulation on abortion, which allows the procedure only when the life of the mother is in danger, in cases of pregnancy resulting from sexual violence, and when the fetus suffers from anencephaly. Due to the growing influence of ultra-conservative forces in the Parliament, the legislative debate on abortion has been blocked for many years in Brazil, making social movements seek the courts for advancements in this area. In this paper, we will present general data on the Zika epidemic, social inequalities and unequal access to health services as a background for the discussion on advancing abortion legalization in the country through judicial procedures, from a human rights perspective.Item Life beyond the state: Regenerating Indigenous international relations and everyday challenges to settler colonialism(Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies, 2021) Corntassel, JeffItem Everyday acts of resurgence: Indigenous approaches to everydayness in fatherhood(New Diversities, 2017) Corntassel, Jeff; Scow, MickIndigenous activism and resurgence are often analyzed at the state or macro-level because of the high visibility and large-scale nature of these actions. However, as Kwakwaka’wakw scholar Sarah Hunt and Cindy Holmes observe in their 2015 article, “…the daily actions undertaken by individual Indigenous people, families, and communities often go unacknowledged but are no less vital to decolonial processes.” These are challenges that we take up in examining the “everyday” – those often unseen, unacknowledged actions that renew our peoplehood and generate community resurgence. This holds important implications for decolonizing our notions of time and place and increasingly Indigenous scholars, such as Maori scholar Brendan Hokowhitu (2009), find that Indigenous discussions of the everyday tend to be framed either in terms of “Indigenous political struggles, especially in regard to jurisprudence, or in terms of ‘victimhood’ conceived of as the genealogical descendent of the trauma of colonization”. How then can we re-imagine and re-assert Indigenous everyday actions that emphasize the intimate, lived experiences of Indigenous peoples? This article examines how the everyday can be an important emancipatory site for Indigenous resurgence against colonial power. Focusing on fatherhood and the everyday shifts our analysis away from the state-centered, colonial manifestations of power to the relational, experiential, and dynamic nature of Indigenous resurgence, which offers important implications for re-thinking gendered relationships, family health and well-being, and governance. These daily acts of resurgence, at the community, family and personal levels, can be critical sites of resistance, education, and transformative change.Item On the offences against the Person Act, 1828(BRANCH: Britain, Representations, and Nineteenth-Century History, 2013) Surridge, LisaThe early nineteenth century saw a new valuing of self-restraint and heightened social anxiety about interpersonal violence and unruly behaviour. The 1828 Offenses Against the Person Act streamlined penalties for assault, battery, rape, infanticide, attempted murder, manslaughter, and murder. It also granted to magistrates summary powers over common assaults, making prosecution of such offenses quicker and more accessible to the poor. Part of Sir Robert Peel’s larger program of legal reform, it heralded a new focus on social regulation, public order, and manliness as self-discipline.Item A conversation with Indonesian filmmaker Candra Aditya(Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 2021) Aditya, Candra; Fox, RichardThis interview with the Indonesian filmmaker Candra Aditya reflects on several months of collaborative work with a small group of scholars specializing in film, language, religion, and culture. In addition to remarks on the short film Dewi pulang, the discussion also addresses a range of more general issues pertaining to filmmaking in post-authoritarian Indonesia.Item Universality of articulatory conflict resolution: Evidence from Salish languages(Northwest Journal of Linguistics, 2009) Bird, Sonya; Leonard, JanetPrevious research has shown that in cases where two adjacent target sounds create an articulatory conflict, speakers tend either to insert an epenthetic element between the two (fully achieved) sounds or to compromise the articulation of one of the sounds. In this paper we focus on the pronunciation of /qi/ and /iq/ sequences in SENĆOŦEN. We show that /qi/ sequences are pronounced with a retracted vowel ([qI]) whereas /iq/ sequences are pronounced with a transitional fricative [ixq]. These results are compared to the patterns described in other Salish languages, and discussed in terms of their implications for phonetic typology.Item AMALIA, A Matching Algorithm for Lead Isotope Analyses: Formulation and proof of concept at the Roman foundry of Fuente Spitz (Jaén, Spain)(Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2023) Rodríguez, Javier; Sinner, Alejandro G.; Martínez-Chico, David; Santos Zalduegui, José FranciscoThis article presents A Matching Algorithm for Lead Isotope Analyses (AMALIA) that yields analytical coincidences in lead isotope databases, allowing a fast selection of potential candidates for metal provenance. As a proof of concept, potential ore sources for 29 Roman lead artifacts from the archaeological site of Fuente Spitz (Jaén, Spain) are provided. Additionally, a reassessment of legacy, TIMS lead-isotope analyses is conducted by re-analysis of 26 galena samples from nearby mining districts by MC-ICP-MS. The study demonstrates the accuracy and reliability of AMALIA and stresses the need to assess the isotope ratio data obtained without lead isotopic tracers (spikes) by TIMS carefully on a case-to-case basis. At the archaeological level, our study shows that the foundries and smelting sites at Fuente Spitz and Cerro del Plomo processed galena ores from the mining districts of La Carolina and Linares to produce a variety of lead products and lead ingots that have been found at several places thorough Europe, thereby providing tangible evidence of the regional and long-distance commercial circuits that these foundries were supplying.