Faculty and Staff Publications

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Predicting factors of fishing gear loss and distribution across Canada’s Pacific Ocean
(Marine Policy, 2025) Frenkel, Caitlin M.; Iacarella, Josephine; Ban, Natalie C.
Abandoned, lost, and otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) comprises a large portion of the world’s marine plastic pollution, damaging marine habitats, wildlife, and fishing industries globally. Lost gear retrieval can be an effective short-term mitigation strategy, and spatial modelling has been helpful tool determine where to target efforts. Using Canada’s Pacific Ocean as a case study, we examined how environmental, and fishing attributes contribute to gear loss. We predicted areas of potentially high ALDFG occurrence based on key variables using a Species Distribution Modeling approach. We determined that important variables for predicting gear loss included bathymetry, fishing effort, and wind speed. Our projections of ALDFG occurrence indicated that the coastal areas of Canada’s Pacific Ocean had the highest probability of gear loss. Our research has the potential to increase the efficiency of future gear retrieval and provide insight to fisheries management to effectively mitigate the negative effects of lost fishing gear in Canada’s Pacific Ocean.
Decision-making in ostomy surgery: The lifeworld experiences of women with inflammatory bowel disease and the views of healthcare professionals
(Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2025) Clark, Ashley; Smith, André P.
This study investigates the lifeworld experiences of women who underwent ostomy surgery to manage severe symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and involves chronic inflammation of tissue in the gastrointestinal tract with recurrent symptoms of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with nine women between the ages of 19 and 30 years living with an ostomy they received at a younger age. Seven healthcare professionals who care for IBD patients with an ostomy also participated in interviews. Prior to surgery, the women reported struggling with progressive, severe and unrelenting symptoms of IBD not alleviated by pharmacotherapy that became potentially life threatening. Consequently, the women underwent ostomy surgery to create a stoma opening of the bowel that allowed stool to pass into a bag attached to the opening. Using Habermas's theory of communicative action, this paper examines how IBD altered the women's lifeworld prior to surgery and their ability to socially engage with others in day-to-day life. The paper also discusses the absence of communicative action as an aspect of the women's interactions with medical practitioners, and the strategic subsummation of their lifeworld by the voice of medicine. Additionally, the paper reports on the perspective of healthcare professionals on the care and support they provide patients who receive ostomy surgery. In conclusion, an argument is made for the benefits of a lifeworld approach in IBD care.
International, political, sociology revisited
(International Political Sociology, 2026) Walker, R. B. J.; Bigo, Didier
On the basis of a review of forces shaping the initial publication of International Political Sociology in 2007, we explore how some of the challenges to which it responded remain unresolved and may now be even more pressing. We focus initially on the need to internationalize the study of international relations and then on the principled difficulties of combining social, political, and international analysis. We argue that these two challenges are closely related, partly in terms of claims about history and temporality and partly in terms of a fallacy of simple addition. We then explore some implications of this relationship. We note the need for but also dangers of more temporally oriented modes of analysis. We also note a tendency to minimize the significance of both “international” and “political” in favor of “sociology.” On these and related grounds, we argue that international political sociology names a site of profound problems more than it does a coherent project or vocation, and that the strength of the journal lies in the heterogeneity of contributions it has attracted. Finally, we speculate that international political sociology offers insight into problems confronting interdisciplinary scholarship more generally.
Culturally appropriate sexual health interventions for STBBI and HIV among racialised immigrant communities in Western nations: A scoping review protocol
(BMJ Open, 2026) Kwame, Abukari; Maina, Geoffrey; Langman, Erin; Ndubuka, Nnamdi; Caine, Vera; Spence, Cara; Maposa, Sithokozile; Kamrul, Rejina; Mason, Natalya; Etowa, Josephine; Eaton, Andrew D.; Caron-Roy, Stephanie; Abdulrasheed, Abdulmalik; Guliak, Dasha; Chowdhury, Isfar; Ahmed, Ashfaque; Nyoni, Nuru; Hanson, Jacelyn; Alvarez, Analu
Introduction Racialised immigrant communities in Western nations face disproportionate risks for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBIs) due to systemic barriers, including racism, stigma and limited access to culturally appropriate care. While the need is well-established, a comprehensive synthesis of effective, culturally responsive sexual health interventions is lacking. This scoping review aims to map the available evidence on sexual health intervention needs and protective factors of racialised immigrants, and to identify and describe existing culturally appropriate programmes in Western nations. Methods and analysis The review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and be reported as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. A systematic search strategy, developed and peer-reviewed by a health sciences librarian, will be executed in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus, alongside grey literature sources, with no date limit. Two independent reviewers will screen titles/abstracts and full texts against the inclusion criteria. Data will be extracted using a standardised tool, analysed via narrative synthesis and framed by a socio-ecological model to categorise interventions across individual, interpersonal, community and structural levels. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not required for this review. Findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, academic presentations and tailored summaries for community organisations and policy-makers to ensure practical application. Review registration Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/9qah6).
The governance of new industrial strategy: An inclusive and green agenda for economic transformation
(2026) Krawchenko, Tamara; McCann, Philip; Arcand, Bruno; Hsu, Ming-Wei
The global political economy is in a period of profound disruption. Geopolitical rivalry, climate urgency, the rise of artificial intelligence and clean energy, and recent trade disruptions, most acutely from the United States, have together produced a rapid and widespread return to deliberate industrial policy. Liberal market economies such as Canada and the United Kingdom, long resistant to explicit state-led economic strategy, are now developing industrial strategies at an unprecedented pace and scale. Yet it remains unclear whether this surge of activity constitutes a genuine shift in how states govern economic transformation, or whether it represents the recycling of older, reactive patterns of intervention dressed in new language. This question (the animating concern of this study) carries immediate practical significance: the design and governance architecture of industrial strategies shape whether public investment catalyses structural change or merely subsidises the status quo. Our study set out to systematically examine how industrial strategy is being designed and governed across Canada and the United Kingdom. We have explored the state of the academic and policy literature on industrial strategy; developed an analytical framework for evaluating how industrial strategies are structured across dimensions of vision, policy instruments, governance, social justice, and place; and applied that framework comparatively across national, provincial, territorial, and devolved strategies in both countries, identifying leading practices, persistent weaknesses, and priority directions for future research in the process.
Analyzing the effects of high autistic traits on neural markers of learning and memory: An EEG approach analysis
(Brain and Cognition, 2025) Parsons, Ellis M.; Hammerstrom, Mathew R.; Nazaroff, Anya; Kemp, Mckinley; Montgomery, Patrick; Macoun, Sarah; Krigolson, Olave E.
Objective A body of electroencephalographic (EEG) research demonstrates that executive functioning (EF) differences exist in autistic people. Here, we aimed to investigate how and to what extent these EF differences appear in people with high autistic traits in contrast to a low autistic traits comparison. Methods The present study used a series of EEG markers (frontal theta power, frontal beta power, the reward positivity ERP component, and the P300 ERP component) to examine potential differences in EF over the course of gambling and oddball tasks. Qualitative research measures to include the perspectives of the autistic people who took part in the study were also used. Results While frontal theta and beta power differed between groups, we observed no significant component or correlational differences. However, it was found that high autistic traits participants perceived their task performance as worse than low autistic traits participants despite task performance being equal across groups. Conclusions EF differences as measured by frontal theta and beta power were observed across groups. Self-perception of task performance may differ in high autistic traits participants when asked to complete tasks under a time constraint.
Shifting carbonate burial between oceanic and continental crust across Earth history
(Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2026) Husson, Jon M.; Peters, Shanan E.
Chemical weathering fluxes determine carbonate burial rates on geologic timescales, but the locus of carbonate burial is sensitive to tectonic and biologic boundary conditions that have changed across Earth history. Depositional setting is important because sediments on oceanic crust are readily recycled on the timescale of seafloor subduction, whereas sediments on continental crust can be sequestered over much longer durations. Here we present records of carbonate abundance in continental sediments for the past 3600 million years based on the North American components of the Macrostrat geologic column database and globally-distributed geological map units. Whether carbonate abundance is measured in absolute (area, volume) or in relative terms (carbonate normalized by total sediment), secular patterns emerge. In the Precambrian, carbonate abundance in continental crust is generally low. In the Phanerozoic, it climbs abruptly to a Paleozoic maximum and then declines towards the present. Decrease in shelf carbonate abundance across the Phanerozoic has been previously documented, driven in part by evolving paleogeography and the early Mesozoic evolution of pelagic calcifiers, which helped to shift carbonate burial from continental to oceanic crust. A Precambrian low in continental carbonate has received less attention. Here we propose that carbonate burial during much of the Precambrian was dominated by accumulation on (or within) oceanic crust and then shifted to continental crust in the early Paleozoic. Carbonate burial fluxes calibrated from the surviving rock record are an order of magnitude larger in the early Paleozoic than they appear to have been in the Proterozoic, with a step-wise increase occurring during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. This observation implies a large and relatively abrupt shift in the principal locus of CaCO3 burial, from short-lived oceanic crust during much of the Proterozoic to longer-surviving continental crust in the early Paleozoic. Oceanic crust became, once again, a significant locus for carbonate accumulation during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The Paleozoic accommodation of most of the global carbon burial flux on the continents has many implications, including for secular changes in carbon cycling rates and the sensitivity of the surface environment to CO2 injections.
Marking recovery: Can 3D-MOT training modulate neuroplasticity and inflammatory biomarkers in adults with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury
(University of Victoria, 2026) Sternig, Katherine; Shill, Isla; Morrison, Jamie; Snowden-Richardson, Taylor; Brand, Justin; Prewett, Pam; Schultz, Sandy; Ehlting, Barbara; Christie, Brian
My project investigates changes in biomarkers associated with neuroplasticity and inflammation in adults with a history of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) following NeuroTracker training, a 3D multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) cognitive training program. Neuroplasticity was assessed through brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), while inflammatory markers included interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Over 35 participants with moderate to severe TBI were recruited and completed standardized neuropsychological assessments alongside blood and saliva sample collection. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention or control group and completed a five-week NeuroTracker training protocol. My role in the project involved preparing and processing blood samples for biomarker analysis using a Meso Scale Discovery electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The resulting BDNF concentrations will be analyzed alongside NeuroTracker performance scores to examine potential relationships between cognitive training outcomes and biological markers of neuroplasticity.
“In the driver's seat”: Navigating vulnerability and autonomy in digital storytelling with older adults
(Journal of Aging Studies, 2025) Graff, Emily; Tung, Audrey; Wagner, Sarah
Digital Storytelling has emerged as a powerful tool for social change, providing a platform for uncovering and amplifying marginalized voices. While its application in gerontology has grown, previous workshops often exclude individuals in long-term care settings. This paper shifts the focus to care home residents, exploring how Digital Storytelling can facilitate participant agency in the face of their perceived vulnerabilities. Drawing on 11 virtual Digital Storytelling workshops in care homes on Vancouver Island, B.C., Canada, this study uncovers the nuanced relationship between vulnerability and autonomy in storytelling. It challenges the notion of autonomy as strictly individualistic, showcasing vulnerability as a pathway to agency within caring relationships. The analysis contributes new understanding to an Ethics of Care framework, demonstrating the enabling role of vulnerability in terms of promoting relational autonomy. The paper calls for a caregiving approach in research practices to support the inclusion of underrepresented individuals and contributes a specific angle to Digital Storytelling research by providing in-depth insight into the interrelations of vulnerability and autonomy within facilitator-participant relationships.
Investigating the effect of porous transport layer defects on structural and transport properties in proton-exchangemembrane water electrolyzers
(Energy Conversion and Management, 2026) Tayyem, Abdullah; Lefebvre, Victor; Ko, Junghyuk; Cho, Sung Ki; Jang, Jong Hyun; Lee, Jason Keonhag
Cost reduction of clean hydrogen is of utmost priority to leverage widespread adoption of hydrogen technologies, and porous transport layers (PTL) are known to be a significant cost driver for proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers. This study reveals how the key morphological defects in the PTL that arise during manufacturing process can critically impact the performance of PEM water electrolyzers. A sintered titanium powder PTL was chosen as the baseline configuration for this model, due to its widespread use in commercial PEM water electrolyzers. Stochastic modelling is used to examine defects including thickness variations, positive protrusions, pinholes, porosity variations, cracks, and negative protrusions. Pore network modelling is used to characterize the impact of each defect on the transport properties, including single-phase and two-phase permeability as well as oxygen saturation profiles. Simulation results reveal that thickness variations and positive protrusions are defects that severely affect electrolysis, stemming from poor contact with the catalyst layer. They also significantly reduce single-phase permeability by increasing tortuosity. Furthermore, thickness variations and positive protrusions reduce water’s effective permeability by causing flooding of oxygen gas, preventing reactant water from reaching reaction sites. In contrast, cracks, negative protrusions, and pinholes are defects with minor impact on electrolysis. In fact, they enhance the single-phase and two-phase permeability of liquid water in the through-plane direction. Finally, we suggest an effective remediation strategy for certain defects, which is to simply reorient the defect PTL during cell assembly to mitigate the negative impacts. Implementing these strategies will contribute in reduction of capital costs for PEM water electrolyzers.
Mapping of Arctic shrubland using the Net Anthocyanin Reflectance Index
(University of Victoria, 2026) Sundby, Anthony; Boulanger-Lapointe, Noémie
Arctic erect shrubs are expanding their range North and up mountains, a trend linked to increases in vegetation productivity associated with recent climate change. Shrubification impacts the movement of human and wildlife on the land as well as ecosystem heat exchanges. In the Arctic, harsh tundra conditions and short snow-free seasons make repetitive in-situ observations across large areas difficult to obtain. Synoptic approaches in the French Alps have demonstrated the feasibility of using satellite imagery to distinguish and map shrubland using the Net Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (NARI). In this study we utilized green and red-edge bands onboard the Sentinel-2 satellites to assess the effectiveness of this index in the Arctic. In the region, anthocyanin has a primary peak in late May or early June, a secondary peak in September, and a seasonal low in July. We used seven images to compare peaks and lows, and validated results using in-situ shrub cover data collected in Arviat, Nunavut. Results were mixed, with September images generally producing more accurate predictions, likely due to the difficulty of obtaining cloud- and snow-free images during the shorter primary peak. The current results suggest that NARI may be used for mapping shrubland in the Arctic although the accuracy is heavily dependent on the availability of cloud-free images during the short peaks.
Smart 3D prints
(University of Victoria, 2026) Swanson, Chase; Drews, Abigail; Tekumalla, Sravya; Yu, Bosco
This project investigates the mechanical behavior of 3D printed lattice structures fabricated using thermally activated shape memory polymers (SMPs). Architected cellular materials offer tunable mechanical properties through geometric design, enabling lightweight structures with tailored stiffness and energy absorption. In this study, a re-entrant lattice geometry was designed and manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques with an SMP filament. The material was first characterized through tensile and compression testing to determine key mechanical properties relevant to lattice performance. Following fabrication, the lattice was programmed through controlled deformation and thermal activation to demonstrate shape memory behavior and geometric recovery. Mechanical testing was conducted to compare structural stiffness and energy absorption between the programmed re-entrant configuration and the deformed honeycomb configuration. Results highlight the influence of lattice geometry on global mechanical response and demonstrate the potential of thermally reconfigurable SMP lattice structures for adaptive mechanical systems and lightweight structural applications.
Boats, drones and tides: Evaluating effective methods for surface monitoring of kelp-encrusting bryozoans
(University of Victoria, 2026) Van Haren, Scott; Bergman, Jordanna; Juanes, Francis; Costa, Maycira
As increasingly frequent marine heatwaves reshape coastal ecosystems, the development of new monitoring tools is essential to track existing and emerging threats. During a recent coast-wide marine heatwave, an unprecedented outbreak of kelp-encrusting bryozoans, or "KEB", was observed on the Central Coast of British Columbia (BC), alarming First Nations and resource managers and spurring interest in monitoring future outbreaks. Here, we evaluated the use of drones to monitor KEB by comparing data collected in tandem from novel drone methods to established canoe surveys. Across 21 sites along the coast of BC, we compared KEB detection and tested the ability of both methods to detect a settlement pattern of KEB throughout kelp forests. Drone surveys prove to be an accessible and efficient alternative to the time-intensive canoe-based surveys that are currently used, providing similar data with less time on the water. Tide is a major constraint of both surveys, with KEB detection rates falling rapidly as the tide rises, especially for drone surveys. We discuss the strengths and limitations of this new approach to better inform resource managers in efforts to understand their waters.
Don't let that CPU sit idle: Hardware-aware heterogeneous general matrix multiplication (GEMM)
(University of Victoria, 2026) Warawa, Johnathan; Chester, Sean
Matrix multiplication is a fundamental operation used to train neural networks for machine learning. GPUs are well-optimized for several stages of this operation and are thus used to accelerate the work, however, GPUs must be "hosted" by CPUs that remain underutilized while the GPU works, burning cycles that could be put to use by a more sophisticated, heterogeneous algorithm that makes use of both the GPU and CPU at the same time. In this project, we increase the speed of these operations beyond what a single processor could accomplish by developing a heterogeneous algorithm which efficiently divides and interleaves these operations.
Destroying the indestructible: Photocatalytic degradation of forever chemicals
(University of Victoria, 2026) Woon, Willow; Ryane, B.; McIndoe, J. S.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are manmade organic pollutants often called 'forever chemicals' due to their extreme durability and resistance to breakdown. PFAS have been used in consumer products for over 70 years and bioaccumulate in humans where they are linked to several cancers and hormone disruptions. Some methods of PFAS degradation have been previously developed including combustion and reverse osmosis, but these technologies have a very high energy cost and don't provide insight into the potentially harmful breakdown products created in the process. Titanium dioxide catalysts are an environmentally friendly technology previously applied to other organic pollutants but not yet to PFAS. To observe breakdown trends in real time, a common PFAS molecule was treated with a titanium dioxide photocatalyst and UV light. The kinetic data showed that it did not break down randomly but instead followed a controlled, stepwise mechanism that removed one carbon at a time. This experimental data was used to build a predictive model that can estimate long-term degradation without running additional experiments. This model predicted that complete degradation would require 11 continuous days of the same treatment conditions to degrade to small, simpler molecules. Future work will incorporate additional experimental data to improve the predictive accuracy of the model. This project represents an important step towards an affordable, low-energy method for removing forever chemicals from the environment.
Characterizing stages of syphilis infection using plasma proteomics
(University of Victoria, 2026) Yang, Stephanie; Goodyear, Mara C.; Comfort, Sydney; Azmin, Ramin; Dechka, Jennifer; Hunter, Ian; Smith, Derek; Goodlett, David R.; Lee, Amy H.; Grennan, Troy; Cameron, Caroline E.
Syphilis is a multistage disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. Differentiating between early and late latent infections is important as individuals diagnosed at each of these stages require different antibiotic treatment regimes; however, current diagnostic tests for syphilis are unable to distinguish between the early latent and late latent stages. In addition to diagnostic challenges, a deeper understanding of host-pathogen interactions is important for the development of more effective intervention strategies. Although in vitro studies have identified host processes disrupted by T. pallidum infection, how these processes change over the course of infection and how they manifest in clinical samples remains poorly understood. My project addresses this gap by using clinical plasma samples from individuals diagnosed at different stages of syphilis infection. Plasma proteomics is then used to characterize proteins and pathways that are differentially expressed across stages of syphilis. An additional objective is to identify potential host biomarkers to distinguish early latent syphilis from late latent syphilis.
Ultra running impairs attention: Associations with affective symptoms and carb intake
(University of Victoria, 2026) Young, Nevan; Boere, Katherine; Krigolson, Olave E.
Ultramarathon (ultra) running places substantial physiological and psychological demands on athletes, yet its effects on cognition remain poorly understood. Existing research has relied predominantly on behavioural measures and has yielded inconsistent findings, leaving the neurophysiological impact of ultra running largely uncharacterized. We examined whether a 50-km ultramarathon impairs attention and working memory, and whether in-race carbohydrate (CHO) intake and pre-race psychological distress are associated with the magnitude of these effects. Seventy-six runners completed pre- and post-race portable electroencephalography (EEG) assessments across six races in lower British Columbia. The P300 Event Related Potential (ERP) indexed attention and working memory while reaction time indexed processing speed. Participants self-reported in-race CHO intake and completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) seven to fourteen days before the race. Post-race P300 amplitude was significantly reduced and reaction times were shorter but more variable, both indicative of attentional impairment. P300 amplitude changes did not correlate with CHO intake, but were negatively correlated with DASS-21 cumulative scores, suggesting that higher psychological distress is associated with greater cognitive impairment following ultra running.
AI in research at UVic
(Kula: Library Futures Academy, 2026) Khair, Shahira; Munro, Karen
UVic Libraries convened a multi-disciplinary focus group in November 2025 to understand how UVic faculty and post-doctoral students are using AI in their research, where they face barriers, and what institutional supports they require. Fourteen invited faculty and researchers participated from across a wide range of research areas. This report summarizes key themes from the focus group and closes with a set of recommendations for UVic. Executive Summary: Recommendations 1. Establish an AI Research Consultant position within the library. 2. Invest in secure, institutionally hosted AI tools beyond Microsoft Copilot. 3. Build a living, curated resource hub for AI tools. 4. Create an institution-level values statement on AI for research and teaching. 5. Facilitate structured peer-to-peer dialogues to support research uses of AI.
Social prescribing and its uses with populations experiencing forced migration: A scoping review
(University of Victoria, 2026) Krueger, Noah; Clark, Nancy; Beltran-Oviedo, Paula; Zakher, Bernadette; Missaghi, Kimiya; Rahmani, Ashkan
Background: Social prescribing is a healthcare approach that connects individuals to non-clinical, community-based supports that address the social determinants of health. While social prescribing initiatives have expanded internationally, most research has focused on older adults and individuals with chronic conditions, particularly in the United Kingdom. Populations experiencing forced migration, including refugees and asylum seekers, remain largely absent from this literature despite facing significant social and structural barriers that affect health and well-being. Objective: This scoping review aims to explore what is known about social prescribing and how it applies to populations experiencing forced migration, including refugees, asylum seekers, and displaced persons. Methods: This review follows the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. Databases searched include MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, alongside grey literature sources such as Google Scholar and organizational websites. Two reviewers independently screen records and extract data, which are coded, grouped into categories, and analyzed for common themes. Implications: Findings will identify current resources, highlight service gaps, and inform the development of community-based supports and knowledge mobilization initiatives, including a toolkit for social prescribers in partnership with MOSAIC.
Developing an early-life mouse model of oral tolerance to peanut protein
(University of Victoria, 2026) Knox, Saryn E.; Mebs, Rachael M.; FitzPatrick, Rachel D.; Norton, Natasha J.; Reynolds, Lisa A.
Oral tolerance is a state of immune unresponsiveness to food which is induced by oral consumption. Several mechanisms behind oral tolerance have been studied in adult mice, but minimal work has been done at the neonatal timepoint despite unique factors at this stage. Here we aim to develop a model of oral tolerance to peanut protein in mouse pups. Pups were exposed to various doses of peanut prior to weaning. Later, mice were challenged with peanut and an adjuvant. We measured antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We measured production of cytokines from murine splenocytes using a cytometric bead array. We observed a decrease in peanut-specific IgG1 in mice exposed to peanut prior to weaning compared to those given water. However, only mice exposed to higher doses had significant reduction. We also saw significant reduction in total IgE for mice who received higher doses, but not for those with lower doses. We observed a trend towards decreased production of TH2 cytokines in mice with higher doses of peanut. The data suggest that exposure to peanut prior to weaning could generate tolerance to a later challenge with peanut, but this may be dose dependent. Experimental repeats are needed to confirm minimum dose.

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