Faculty and Staff Publications

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Exploring frailty in older adults with cancer: Journey mapping a patient-reported outcome measure
(Canadian Journal on Aging, 2025) Kwon, Jae-Yung; Moynihan, Melissa; Webster, Catherine; Wolff, Angela C.; Horlock, Hilary; Wilson, Lorraine; Mariano, Caroline; Sawatzky, Richard
Frailty in older adults with cancer is complex, evolving, and often overlooked in care. This qualitative study explored how frailty is experienced and reported using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and visualized over time through journey maps. Eleven participants (65+) completed the Comprehensive Frailty Assessment Instrument (CFAI) and semi-structured interviews. Individual journey maps combined CFAI scores with personal narratives to track changes in physical, mental, and social aspects of frailty over time. While PROMs showed variability in frailty severity, narratives revealed discrepancies, such as low frailty scores despite significant treatment-related challenges. Fatigue, emotional distress, and isolation were common during treatment, with lasting impacts post-treatment. Findings suggest PROMs alone may not fully capture lived experience. Integrating narrative dialogue provides a more person-centred approach to frailty assessment and care planning.
A nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family gene impacts nitrogen homeostasis and phenylpropanoid production in hybrid poplar
(Journal of Experimental Botany, 2026) Tran, Lan T.; Mottiar, Yaseen; Irwin, Tyler; Efe, Mahinur; Robbins, Samantha; Hawkins, Barbara J.; Mansfield, Shawn D.; Ehlting, Jürgen
In plants, nitrogen and carbon metabolism are tightly interconnected, and nitrogen availability often negatively correlates with phenylpropanoids that are associated with xylem formation and stress responses. A nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter (NRT1/PTR) family (NPF) gene (PtNPF6.1), which is expressed in the vasculature, was previously found to have a genetic association with the variation in syringyl lignin content in poplar trees (Populus trichocarpa). PtNPF6.1 belongs to an evolutionarily distinct NPF superfamily with limited taxonomic distribution. RNAi-mediated suppression of PtNPF6.1 led to increases in total foliar nitrogen and amino acids related to nitrogen transport and storage in source leaves. There was also a concomitant decrease in soluble phenolics, including attenuated stress-induced production of anthocyanins and condensed tannins. The proportions of syringyl and p-hydroxyphenyl units in lignin were slightly but significantly decreased in down-regulated lines grown under high nitrogen conditions, while there was an increase in the level of ester-linked p-hydroxybenzoate groups. Together, these results suggest that PtNPF6.1 is involved in maintaining internal nitrogen homeostasis in trees, indirectly impacting the production of nitrogen-free phenolics including lignin and soluble secondary metabolites.
Unlocking international entrepreneurial opportunities: The impact of dynamic capabilities on creation and discovery
(Journal of World Business, 2026) Shi, Linda Hui; Danis, Wade M.
This study theorizes and empirically validates two international opportunity recognition modes: creation and discovery. It examines how internationalizing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) leverage international dynamic capabilities to engage in these modes and analyzes their impact on international performance. It finds that the propensity of an internationalizing SME to adopt a specific mode whether creation or discovery is influenced by specific organizational-level international dynamic capabilities (intelligence acquisition, intercountry coordination, reconfiguration). The strength of these relationships is moderated by industry globalization and cultural distance. Furthermore, the interaction between the two opportunity recognition modes reveals a significant negative effect. This interaction suggests that when internationalizing SMEs simultaneously engage in both modes, the effectiveness of each is diminished, leading to lower international performance outcomes. We use multi-informant, cross-industry data collected from 303 internationalizing SMEs in China and Tunisia and empirically test our model using structural equation modeling. This research contributes to the literature on international business and entrepreneurship by offering a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between international dynamic capabilities, international opportunity recognition, and international performance, emphasizing the strategic trade-offs involved in SME internationalization.
Reconceiving Victorian pregnancy and childbirth: A case study of Ellen Wood's East Lynne and Lord Oakburn's Daughters
(Victorian Literature and Culture, 2025) Leighton, Mary Elizabeth; Surridge, Lisa
Focusing on East Lynne (1860–61) and Lord Oakburn's Daughters (1864) and referring to Victorian advice manuals for pregnant women, this article argues that Ellen Wood centered pregnancy and childbirth as critical experiences of women's lives. In East Lynne, Isabel gives birth to her first child in a difficult labor that nearly kills her; her future adultery originates in the lying-in room; and the final section heightens Isabel's torture as she witnesses Barbara's second pregnancy. Lord Oakburn's Daughters reuses elements of East Lynne while intensifying its focus on pregnancy, postpartum vulnerability, and lying in. The novel opens with an explicit childbirth scene; its murder plot is set in the lying-in room; and its central metonym, a locket, stands for women's bonds established during childbirth. While pregnancy and childbirth are thought to have remained largely unrepresented in Victorian fiction, both novels use contemporary vocabulary and codes to represent these experiences. Moreover, Wood created her particular brand of gestational sensation by featuring women in white as figures of maternal loss, longing, and postpartum trauma. Studying these novels thus not only provides evidence of how Wood represented pregnancy, childbirth, and maternal feeling but also models a narratological method for analyzing such representations in mid-Victorian fiction generally.
Rising up: Digital traces and performative Indigenous culture in Australian rock art
(Antiquity, 2025) Walshe, Keryn; Nowell, April
Indigenous Australian art relies on motifs and figures to visually symbolise a traditional story, myth and/or ritual, encompassing a narrated performance. In contrast, digital tracings or ‘finger flutings’ impressed into the soft precipitate covering cave surfaces are not typically considered visually symbolic expressions. Using Koonalda Cave in southern Australia as a case study, the authors argue that digital tracings also operate within a performative space, but without their narrator these undulating lines are rendered silent. Here, emphasis is placed on ritual maintenance or the spiritual propagation of a prized food or trade item that would then ‘rise up’.
Improving equity in Canada's low-carbon energy workforce: Learning from the lived experiences of diverse applicants to a grassroots bursary
(Environmental Research: Energy, 2026) Black, Rebecca; Hoicka, Christina E.
Transitions to low-carbon energy systems require labour market transformations to support resilience, new technologies and infrastructures across communities. Despite rapid growth, the worldwide low-carbon energy sector remains one of the least diverse industries with persistent inequities. Despite steady job growth in the renewable energy sector, women’s overall representation has stagnated since 2019, which indicates the need for new approaches to remove barriers to their entry and retention in the sector. While most existing research on the low-carbon energy workforce relies on structured surveys, aggregate labour market data, or projections, far less is known about the lived experiences and motivations of equity-deserving groups entering the sector. This omission matters because mainstream data often overlooks the qualitative, values-driven perspectives and circumstances that shape career pathways—particularly those of women, newcomers, youth, Indigenous peoples, and LGBTQ+ workers. This study was designed using a co-creation research approach with a grassroots, community-led bursary - Trellis Bursary Fund - to analyze the 119 applications to this fund by an intersectional group of women. These were analysed against a theoretical framework of Alternative Pathways, Strategic Niche Management (SNM), and Feminist and Energy-Justice, to generate insights to improve equity in recruitment and retention in Canada’s low-carbon energy workforce. Our study’s contribution is to provide deeper insight into how small-scale, grassroots, flexible funding mechanisms developed within the communities that they serve can foster novel, justice-centred contributions that mainstream funding often overlooks. These insights offer a critical qualitative narrative-based counterpoint to workforce projections, showing that interest and ambition are not lacking; rather, systemic barriers are constraining entry and persistence of diversity in Canada’s low-carbon energy workforce.
Prevalence and course of unwanted, intrusive thoughts of infant-related harm
(Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2024) Collardeau, Fanie; Anglin, Olivia L. U.; Albert, Arianne; Mayhue, Jazlyn G.; Fairbrother, Nichole
Objective: Unwanted, intrusive thoughts (UITs) of infant related harm are a common postpartum phenomenon and can be classified into thoughts of accidental harm (TAH) and thoughts of intentional harm (TIH). Our study’s objective was to complete a comprehensive, comparative analysis of TAH and TIH by commenting on their prevalence, course, characteristics (time, distress, impairment) and most intense period. Methods: 763 English-speaking pregnant women across British Columbia were recruited to participate in a prospective cohort study. Study data was collected between February 2014 and February 2017. UITs were assessed by semi-structured interviews twice during the postpartum period. Results: The prevalence of TAH and TIH in the postpartum period was 95.8% and 53.9%, respectively. The most common TAH included thoughts of the baby becoming apneic or dying from SIDS; the most common TIH included thoughts of neglect. On average, TAH are more prevalent, time consuming, and result in greater interference compared to TIH. The most intense period for TAH (5.74 weeks postpartum) and TIH (within first 8 weeks postpartum) was identified. During this period, over 40% of participants reported moderate or extreme distress related to UITs. For most, UITs decreased in frequency or completely resolved by 6 months postpartum and most participants did not report clinically significant symptoms. Conclusion: UITs are a normative and typically self-resolving occurrence in the postpartum period. UITs’ most intense period signifies a time of heightened vulnerability. Increased education is necessary to normalize and reduce distress associated with UITs.
Perinatal timing of obsessive-compulsive disorder onset
(Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2025) Fairbrother, Nichole; Beck, Quincy M.; Keeney, Cora L.
Objectives: The purpose of this research was to assess timing and characteristics of the onset of perinatally occurring obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is a potentially disabling anxiety-related mental health condition for which the perinatal period represents a time of increased risk for onset, recurrence, and exacerbation. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted in British Columbia, Canada. Recruitment took place from January 23, 2014 to September 09, 2016. Participants provided information on reproductive and demographic questionnaires and diagnostic interviews (using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5) in late pregnancy and at two postpartum time points. Only participants who reported symptoms meeting full criteria for OCD during their current perinatal period were included in this report of findings (N = 97). Analyses were primarily descriptive in nature, with Chi-square tests employed to test differences in onset (pregnancy vs. postpartum) and perinatal OCD development based on age first symptom onset (childhood/adolescence vs. adulthood). Results: Over two thirds (71%) of participants whose symptoms met full criteria for OCD at some point in their most recent perinatal period reported perinatal disorder onset. The majority of these (74%) reported onset during their first perinatal period. Perinatal disorder onset was much more likely to occur in the postpartum (83%), compared with in pregnancy (17%), χ2 (1, N = 69) = 29.3, p < .001. Symptom exacerbations were more likely to occur postpartum (77%) compared with prenatally (35%). Further, the lag time from symptom onset to disorder onset was shorter among participants who experienced a perinatal compared with a non-perinatal onset of their OCD. Conclusion: Findings contribute to our understanding of perinatal OCD onset, emphasize the vulnerability to OCD during the perinatal period, and provide one of the first assessments in which symptom onset is distinguished from disorder onset. This work underscores the importance of recognizing the distinct nature of perinatal OCD.
Intersecting gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation identities and HIV stigma: Results from the People Living with HIV Stigma Index Study in Three Provinces in Canada
(Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2025) Lo Hog Tian, Jason M.; McFarland, Abbey; Penny, Lucas; Bennett, Teresa; Musumbulwa, Kaminda; Watson, James R.; Odhiambo, Apondi J.; Baral, Stefan; Worthington, Catherine; Monteith, Ken; Oliver, Brent; Payne, Michael; Rourke, Sean B.
Stigma remains a significant burden for people living with HIV and while studies have examined the impacts of gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation on stigma separately, little is known about how these factors may intersect and potentially exacerbate levels of stigma. This study examines how these intersecting social positions may relate to levels of internalised, enacted and anticipated HIV stigma. Participants were recruited in Ontario, Alberta, and Québec (n=1040) as part of the People Living with HIV Stigma Index study in Canada. Three-way interaction models were constructed by creating interaction terms from the product of gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation variables that predicted each type of stigma. Levels of internalised, enacted and anticipated stigma were consistent across most intersecting groups; however, people occupying certain intersections experienced significantly higher levels of stigma. Three-way interaction analyses showed that for internalised stigma, people at the intersection of African/Caribbean/Black, lesbian, cis-women identities had significantly higher scores (b = 0.90, p=0.06), while people at the intersection of Indigenous, lesbian, and cis-women identities had higher scores for enacted stigma (b = 1.21, p=0.01) compared to the White, heterosexual, cis-men reference group. Interventions designed for populations that take intersectionality into account may be effective in reducing HIV stigma, although more quantitative intersectionality work must be done to understand these implications fully.
Post-abortion aftercare kits
(The Fireweed Project, 2025) Pinan, Astrid Vanessa
The Fireweed Project is providing aftercare kits for Indigenous peoples receiving an abortion in Canada! We created post-abortion support kits based on conversations with Indigenous community members who had an abortion, and expressed how much a thoughtfully crafted aftercare kit would have meant to them during their abortion journey. We are offering these kits (which include things like pads, cramping supplies, self-care and Indigenous-specific items) to those who meet the following criteria: You self-identify as an Indigenous person in Canada (First Nations, Métis, and/or Inuit); You reside in Canada; You are 12 years of age or older; and you have received an abortion within the last year.
Transitioning oil and gas producing regions: A comparative analysis of regional approaches in Denmark, New Zealand and Scotland
(Institute for Integrated Energy Systems (IESVic), 2026) Kiernan, Sophie; Krawchenko, Tamara
Key messages • Durable and adaptive oil and gas transitions are most likely where there is broad political consensus, stable long‑term policy signals, and institutionalized public–private–academic partnerships, as exemplified by Denmark’s Esbjerg case. • Abrupt, top‑down transition decisions that lack early regional engagement and a clearly articulated economic pathway—such as New Zealand’s initial offshore exploration ban—generate resistance and are vulnerable to policy reversal, undermining just transition objectives. • Institutional innovation around just transition (e.g. commissions, funds, participatory planning), as seen in Scotland’s Aberdeen case, can strengthen governance capacity, but without policy durability and visible place‑based economic diversification, community skepticism and perceptions of instability persist.
Upgrading UVicSpace, the University of Victoria Libraries’ institutional repository
(Partnership, 2026) Winter, Caroline; Ritchie, Amelia; Kehoe, Inba; Szabo, Danice
This case study describes the process we undertook at the University of Victoria between fall 2023 and spring 2024 to upgrade our institutional repository’s software from DSpace version 6.4 to 7.6.1. The open-source software had reached the end of its developer-support period, and some features were no longer functional. This new version offered several new and improved features that we were excited about. We provide a short history about our institutional repository; a literature review including an environmental scan of other Canadian repositories using DSpace; an explanation of our implementation strategy, user interface upgrades, workflow, and submission form changes; training we offered to our major stakeholders; the outcomes of our project; and some thoughts on future directions. We also share our lessons learned from this major upgrade of UVicSpace with the goal of helping other groups upgrade to DSpace 7 or undertake a similar repository upgrade or migration project.
Sovereignty, difference & constitutional pluralism: The European Union and Canada in dialog
(Global Constitutionalism, 2026) Cherry, Keith
Both Canada and the European Union feature multiple overlapping legal systems, each with independent sovereignty claims and distinctive cultural traditions. Courts in both settings have therefore been forced to reckon with ‘constitutional pluralism’. In Canada, the contested relationship between Indigenous and settler legal orders has been mediated largely through s35, which recognizes Aboriginal rights, and s25 which shields them from the Canadian Charter. The resulting jurisprudence has focused on protecting cultural difference by creating limited spaces of autonomy within the Canadian state but has largely neglected questions of sovereignty. In Europe, the relationship between European Union and member-state law has been mediated through an emergent judicial dialog which allows each court to maintain its sovereignty claim by making its acceptance of the other’s authority conditional. The resulting jurisprudence focuses on sovereignty without dealing as closely with questions of difference. The two contexts therefore represent divergent approaches to shared conceptual and practical problems. To my knowledge, however, no scholarship has seriously compared the two. The following article takes a modest step towards filling this lacuna, introducing European thinkers to Canadian constitutional pluralism and vice versa before reflecting on some of the ways further comparative research can add depth to existing comparative literature, deepen our understanding of constitutional pluralism as a theory and, in particular, raise important questions about constitutional pluralism’s relationship to liberalism.
Reclassification of ankylosaurs with ambiguous taxonomy using tooth morphometrics
(Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2026) Cross, Emily G.; Fraass, Andrew J.; Gates, Terry A.; Arbour, Victoria M.
New morphometric methods of analysis of phylliform ornithischian teeth provide the opportunity to study clade associations of ankylosaurs of ambiguous taxonomy that include dental material. With recent extensive sampling of ex situ/in situ dentition of ankylosaurs, we present new dental characters for phylogenetic analyses of Thyreophora that we use in seven phylogenetic analyses of both parsimony and Bayesian methods. Our analyses do not recover the previously proposed clades of Panoplosauridae, Polacanthidae, and Struthiosauridae. Prior dental characters that have been used as unambiguous synapomorphies to define Struthiosauridae suffered from vague descriptions that are not accurate portrayals of ankylosaur tooth morphology; therefore, these characters are not useful for thyreophoran phylogenetic analyses. Our phylogenetic analysis results suggest a large degree of homoplasy and support the need for a systematic revision of Nodosauridae. Tooth morphometrics supplement the placement of taxa in phylogenetic analyses and allow clade-level classification of taxa solely or primarily based upon tooth material. We identify clade associations of enigmatic ankylosaur taxa, such as Peloroplites with Panoplosauridae, Aletopelta with Nodosauridae/Panoplosauridae, and Priconodon with Nodosauridae, through a combination of morphometrics and phylogenetics, with implications for palaeobiogeography.
Adam Smith and the foundations of pluralism
(Social Philosophy and Policy, 2025) Dow, Sheila Christine
The purpose of this essay is to explore Adam Smith’s work for ideas relevant to modern-day discourse on pluralism (understood as methodological pluralism). It is argued here that the emphasis on difference of perspective in his theory of human nature is potentially foundational for pluralism. I explore Smith’s philosophy of science, where his theory of human nature explains the motivation for building knowledge, the conduct of enquiry, and the appraisal of resulting theories. Finally, I explore exemplars of pluralist practice in Smith’s treatment of alternative approaches to economics to his own as well as in his account of different approaches to history and astronomy.
Thermodynamics of oriented granular gases
(Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2026) Amereh, Meitham; Struchtrup, Henning; Nadler, Ben
We use the principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to rigorously formulate the transport equations for granular systems consisting of oriented particles. The state variables are taken to be the density, velocity, thermal temperature, granular temperature (particles agitation) and the orientation tensor. The evolution of the state variables is governed by the associated balance laws in terms of fluxes. The contributions of the granular agitation energy and orientation to entropy are introduced into the Gibbs equation. The balance of entropy is used to identify the entropy production as the product of thermodynamics forces and fluxes. Using classical linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics the fluxes are considered to be linear in the thermodynamic forces. The Onsager–Casimir reciprocal relations and the representation theorem of isotropic tensors provide further restrictions that simplify the formulation. The non-negative entropy production requirement is satisfied by restricting the matrix of phenomenological coefficients to be positive semidefinite. Similarly the boundary conditions are constructed. The transport coefficients are then determined by comparison with available results from the granular kinetic theory of spherical particles and other available results for oriented particles. It is shown that not only these results are well captured, but also the formulation provides a framework for further generalization. The significant contribution of this work is the rigorous formulation of a physically admissible generalization to granular gases of oriented particles which reveals the role of the orientation in the transport equations and identifies couplings that might otherwise be omitted.
From uncharted waters to a mapped horizon: Building a research intelligence app with Power BI and integrated open and institutional data
(2026-06-03) Giesbrecht, Karina
What does it look like to chart a research data landscape when the map doesn't yet exist? This presentation traces the development of the Research Intelligence (RI) App at the University of Victoria (UVic), a Power BI platform that consolidates over 15 open and institutional data sources into a unified, accessible tool for evidence-informed decision-making. The RI App organizes UVic's research ecosystem across six domains: People, Grants, Expertise, Scholarly Works, Innovation, and Rankings. Six purpose-built dashboards — including a new International Connections dashboard that maps global co-authorship networks — serve over 100 users, from executive leadership and Deans to Faculty Grants Officers and librarians, supporting both exploratory analysis and repeatable queries. Data integration is handled through a Python-based ETL pipeline built on a Medallion architecture (Bronze, Silver, Gold), drawing on sources including internal systems (Grants, HR), open platforms (OpenAlex, ORCID, CAUBO), and global university rankings (THE, QS, ARWU, Maclean's). Built in alignment with DORA and the Leiden Manifesto, the platform is designed as a tool for insight and storytelling, not surveillance or ranking. Attendees will come away with practical strategies for building research intelligence capacity at their own institutions, including approaches to data integration, responsible metrics, stakeholder engagement, and fostering a collaborative data community.
Evaluation of decriminalizing small amounts of illicit drugs in Victoria, BC: A seasonally adjusted interrupted time-series analysis of police data
(International Journal of Drug Policy, 2025) Kuzma-Hunt, Alexander G.; Zhao, Jinhui; Urbanoski, Karen; Arredondo Sanchez Lira, Jaime; Naimi, Timothy
In 2023, British Columbia (BC), Canada implemented a three-year pilot policy to decriminalize personal possession of a cumulative total of 2.5 g or less of opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDMA. Under this exemption, individuals found within the threshold are not subject to criminal charges, though possession above 2.5 g, possession in excluded locations (e.g., schools, airports), and trafficking remain criminal offences. This study evaluates the impact of this policy on police-reported drug-related offences, charges, and seizures in Victoria, BC. Interrupted time-series analysis used police administrative data from the Victoria Police Department between January 2020 and December 2023. Monthly rates of drug-related offences, charges and seizures per 100,000 adults aged 15+ were analyzed across three policy phases: pre-announcement (run-in), policy awareness, and post-implementation. Autoregressive integrated moving average and mixed linear regression models were used to adjust for trend, seasonality and repeated measures. Offences and charges declined during the period prior to the implementation of decriminalization, but not during the decriminalization pilot. The mean weight of drugs seized per incident increased significantly post-implementation, but rates and proportions of seizures with cumulative drug weights <4.5 grams declined. Enforcement shifts preceded formal decriminalization, possibly reflecting anticipatory changes in policing practices. The post-implementation increases in seizure weights, alongside declining low-weight seizures, may indicate a reallocation of enforcement away from personal possession. To strengthen the impact of decriminalization, future efforts should prioritize clear policy communication, implementation training, and alignment between enforcement practices and public health goals.
Detectable anthropogenic influence in mean precipitation of China
(Geophysical Research Letters, 2025) Wang, Tao; Sun, Ying; Zhang, Xuebin; Yang, Xiu-Qun; Song, Heyang
Detecting and attributing regional-scale mean precipitation changes remains a challenging scientific problem. Due to significant spatiotemporal variability of precipitation changes and the limited ability of climate models to simulate these variations, attribution studies of China's mean precipitation changes remain scarce. We analyze China's long-term precipitation changes using four observational data sets and CMIP6 simulations, with percentage precipitation anomaly as a key metric. Through optimal fingerprinting detection, we identify anthropogenic signals in China's mean precipitation changes. Results reveal an increasing trend in annual precipitation across most regions since the 1960s, which CMIP6 models generally capture, though large inter-model discrepancies persist in simulating trends in southern China. Human influence on China's mean precipitation changes is detectable and separable from natural forcings. Anthropogenic signals are detected in three sub-climatic regions: Northwest China, Northeast China, and Tibetan Plateau. Three-signal analysis indicates that the increase in China's precipitation is primarily driven by greenhouse gas forcing.
Observed surface wind speed trends inferred from homogenized in situ data and reanalysis datasets
(Atmosphere-Ocean, 2026) Wang, Xioalan; Feng, Yang; Isaac, Victor; Zwiers, Francis W.; Vincent, Lucie A.; Hartwell, Megan H.
This paper describes the development of an updated Canadian homogenized monthly mean wind speed dataset, CanHomW mlyV2, for the period 1953–2023 and characterizes observed changes in surface wind speed across Canada. Hourly data from 154 stations in Canada were first quality controlled and adjusted for any non-standard anemometer heights. Then, monthly mean wind speed series were derived and subject to a semi-automated comprehensive data homogenization procedure to identify and diminish non-climatic changes. The procedure uses a combination of station metadata and multiple statistical tests with and without using reference series. The results of the automated procedure were reviewed manually. All of the 154 data series were identified to have one or more non-climatic changes, which were diminished by quantile matching adjustments. Station relocation and/or joining (i.e. joining of different stations’ data records into one data series), and instrument changes/problems were found to be the main causes of non-climatic changes. The homogenized dataset shows weakening winds in a large part of southern Canada (spanning from the southern Prairies to Labrador) and strengthening winds in most other regions, particularly in the area that spans south-central British Columbia to the Rocky Mountains. The weakening winds in the southern Prairies are also seen consistently in the three modern reanalysis datasets (ERA5, OCADA, 20CRv3), while the four datasets show inconsistent trends in most of the other regions. The Canadian wind trends show notable seasonality, as do the agreement/disagreement among the four datasets.

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