Master's Projects (Master of Public Administration; Master of Arts in Dispute Resolution; Master of Community Development)

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Information on Master's Projects on the Schools website http://www.uvic.ca/hsd/publicadmin/graduate/current-students/project-thesis/index.php

Digital copies of many MPA Master’s Projects are available here. Printed copies of additional Master’s Projects are available from the School of Public Administration library. Please contact the School of Public Administration for further information (padm@uvic.ca).

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Unraveling the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on mental health among nurses and physicians in Canada
(2025) McDonald, Hope; Brousselle, Astrid
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared Covid-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The pandemic profoundly affected the global population, disrupted society, and had long-lasting effects on Canada’s healthcare system and providers. This project aims to explore and analyze potential factors that impacted the mental health of Canadian nurses and physicians during the Covid-19 pandemic. This project used a sequential mixed-methods design that included a rapid review and semi-structured interviews. The project found that staffing shortages, increased and intensified workload, and a lack of social and administrative support were factors that impacted the mental health of four nurses and four physicians in Canada.
Gambling expansion: Understanding the impacts of the Ontario gambling expansion on people engaged with gambling supports
(2025) Swiniarski, Scott; Cunningham, Barton
The purpose of this project is to gain a deeper understanding of the Ontario gambling expansion and its impact on people engaged with gambling support. It focused on how the increase to online casino availability and gambling media impacted participants lives. A literature review is conducted on the literature relevant to online gambling and gambling media, providing a history of the impact and highlighting key concepts. A conceptual framework was created from the relevant literature that focuses on the different areas of impact related to the Ontario gambling market changes and was implemented in the interview guide. Interviews were conducted with people who were engaged with the a problem gambling day treatment program to gather their experiences of the gambling market expansion. Interview findings were analyzed to identify key themes that were important to participants. Participants recalled the impacts of the gambling market changes and how that had effected their life. Participants gave feedback in ways that the market could improve to help protect those vulnerable to gambling problems in the future. Implications of the findings are addressed, and recommendations are provided based on the themes identified in the literature review and interview findings.
Breaking systemic barriers: The role of lived experience in building better leaders
(2025) Chiaramonte, Marco; Castle, David
This research project investigates the systemic barriers preventing individuals from marginalized communities including women, Indigenous Peoples, racialized groups, persons with disabilities, and LGBTQ2S+ individuals from attaining and advancing into leadership roles. Conducted independently and without affiliation to any organization, the study explores how leadership selection processes, cultural biases, and rigid organizational structures contribute to the underrepresentation of these groups. The goal is to highlight the voices of successful marginalized leaders and human resource professionals to identify actionable solutions for building equitable leadership pathways. The research study employed a qualitative semi-structured interview approach grounded in phenomenological methodology to capture the lived experience of five successful leaders from marginalized communities and five human resource professionals. The phenomenological approach was chosen because it focuses on understanding how individuals experience leadership, decision-making and systemic barriers in their own words. Consistent interview questions were posed to all participants, with flexibility to probe deeper based on individual responses. This allowed for the identification of recurring themes, emerging issues, and unique perspectives. Data analysis focused on recognizing shared challenges, highlighting systemic patterns, and capturing participant-driven recommendations. The findings reveal that leadership pathways remain constrained by exclusionary criteria, privileging hierarchical experience, formal credentials, and dominant cultural norms over community-based leadership and lived experience. Hiring and promotion processes often perpetuate systemic bias through rigid merit standards, culturally unresponsive interview practices, and opaque advancement opportunities. Even when diversity targets are met, tokenistic approaches frequently leave marginalized leaders without genuine influence or decision-making authority. At the same time, the research underscores the transformative potential of leaders with lived experience, whose insights can address policy gaps, meet community needs, and challenge systemic inequities. However, without equitable hiring systems and structural change, these contributions remain undervalued. Expanding culturally responsive leadership development through mentorship, sponsorship, and the integration of Indigenous governance principles offers proven pathways to build inclusive decision-making and ensure meaningful representation at all levels. The research project concludes with fifteen recommendations, including: • Redefining Leadership Competencies – Recognizing lived experience, cultural knowledge, and relational leadership as assets equal to formal credentials. • Culturally Responsive Mentorship & Sponsorship – Structuring long-term, cross-cultural mentorships and sponsorships to actively advocate for marginalized leaders. • Equitable Hiring and Promotion – Conducting equity audits, implementing anti-bias training for hiring committees, and ensuring transparent advancement pathways. • Integrating Indigenous Governance and Community-Based Leadership Models – Including elders and community knowledge keepers in decision-making processes. • Embedding Inclusive Policy Frameworks – Aligning leadership recruitment and governance policies with reconciliation, equity, and principles drawn from lived experience. • Empowering Human Resources as Equity Champions – Embedding diversity, equity, and inclusion accountability into HR roles and granting authority to address biased processes. The study confirms that systemic barriers in leadership recruitment and promotion disproportionately exclude individuals with lived experience from marginalized communities. Leaders without such experience often make decisions through a narrow cultural lens, overlooking critical intersectional knowledge and perpetuating policies that fail to meet community needs. This research highlights how exclusionary norms, rigid hiring standards, and narrow definitions of success suppress diverse leadership potential. In contrast, leaders from marginalized communities bring unique insights shaped by intersectional identities and firsthand experience navigating systemic barriers that can transform policies, programs, and organizational cultures. The findings call for embedding equity into every stage of leadership development, from recruitment and mentorship to succession planning, ensuring that leadership pathways are redefined to reflect lived experience as a core competency. Moving beyond performative diversity, organizations must commit to structurally inclusive practices that empower marginalized voices to lead, influence, and create lasting, equitable change.
Women’s agricultural leadership and isolation: How has isolation related to COVID-19 and climate events impacted women farmers’ leadership practices in the BC organic sector?
(2025) Gamble, Jen; Pérez Piñán, Astrid V.
This project examines how women in the British Columbia organic agricultural sector demonstrate leadership during challenging climate events and pandemic situations and how social isolation influences their leadership practices. Through qualitative research, this project investigates the ways in which women in agriculture lead with their actions, their farming practices, and their focus on community especially in the context of a global pandemic or climate event. The project employed a qualitative approach to data collection through semi-structured interviews with seven participants, which facilitated an in-depth sharing of participants’ experience. Feminist principles and intersectional perspectives enabled the analysis to centre the voices and lived experiences of women within the organic agriculture community. The interview participants expressed a common belief that relationships were foundational to all aspects of their leadership. Participants felt that while the Covid-19 pandemic changed the way people worked together, it did not change the importance of relationships and community. Strong relationships were also identified as critical during climate events which often challenge community capacity. The critical role of relationships was threaded through the themes that emerged under each research question. Established, reliable relationships provided not only a sense of community but also a critical point of support in crisis situations.
Strategic Plan for the Simpcw Cultural Education Centre (CEC)
(2025) Hickson, Melisa; Thiessen, Susanne; Wiebe, Sarah
This Master’s project presents a strategic plan for the Simpcw Cultural Education Centre (CEC), a community-led initiative rooted in Simpcw values, language, and governance. Developed through a Two-Eyed Seeing approach and grounded in Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), the plan advances a long-term vision for Simpcw cultural resurgence and economic self-determination. The CEC is envisioned as a dynamic institution that integrates traditional knowledge with sustainable development, land-based learning, and revenue-generating activities. Building on previous planning efforts, the plan outlines a phased implementation model that prioritizes youth empowerment, Indigenous tourism, and intergenerational knowledge transfer. The Centre challenges the notion that cultural institutions are financially dependent by promoting a user-pay model supported by targeted funding proposals and community partnerships. Key strategic objectives include: revitalizing the Secwepemc language, fostering youth leadership, creating pathways to employment through culturally aligned training programs, and ensuring operational sustainability through infrastructure and governance development. With the anticipated land transfer at Dunn Lake, the CEC is poised to become a central hub for cultural preservation and innovation. Ultimately, this plan reaffirms Simpcw self-determination by positioning the CEC as a model for Indigenous-led nation-building, where cultural continuity and economic resilience are mutually reinforcing.
Witnessing the impacts of tawâw on public administration and policy in the City of New Westminster; Indigenous Ways of Knowing are dismantling silos and transforming service delivery and policy in a Canadian Municipality
(2025) Tailfeathers, Jessica; Thiessen, Susanne; Siemens, Lynne
An Indigenous-aligned program, tawâw, created by Indigenous Relations Advisor, Christina Coolidge, is held weekly at New Westminster’s City Hall and invites City Staff from various departments to share soup and Bannock with their Elder-in-residence, Elder William. tawâw is an in-person only program that provides a non-hierarchical, safe space that fosters relationship-building, storytelling, and communal eating amongst colleagues. tawâw created opportunities for policy and service delivery impacts on the City of New Westminster, by using Indigenous approaches to learning and relationship-building, resulting in a positive workplace community and culture that increased employee engagement. The research employs a qualitative approach using a two-eyed seeing methodology, integrating Indigenous and Western methodologies to understand the policy and relationship impacts of the program within a colonial system. Grounded theory and case study methodologies were used to explore the impacts on municipal employees and policies. Data collection included journaling, observational notetaking, table-top discussions, and semi-structured interviews, involving 74 unique participants. The findings reveal a conceptual framework of three nested circles — The Self, The Community, and The Greater Community — each influenced by Christina Coolidge and Elder William. The program impacts individual experiences, fosters a sense of community, and influences broader service delivery and policy. It was realized that tawâw is not just a program, but a community and a community of practice. To replicate the success of tawâw, organizations should consider hiring an Indigenous Relations Team, implementing cross-departmental Communities of Practice, holding weekly meetings with an Elder, supporting Indigenous employees with multi-year contracts, and organizing in-person communal gatherings for employees and partners to foster relationships, engage employees and improve service deliver.
Shared leadership and executive director retention in Kootenay-Boundary community social services organizations
(2025) Smith, Hannah; Cunningham, Barton J.
The impact of nonprofit executive turnover cannot be understated (McKee & Froelich, 2016). For several decades now, there has been a focus on the benefits of a shared leadership approach – its impressive ability to bolster team performance and creativity and improve team dynamics (Wu et al., 2020). This research turns its attention toward shared leadership’s applications in executive retention in the Community Services Organizations' (CSO) sphere, specifically within Kootenay Boundary Community Services Cooperative (Koop) member agencies. Understanding the role shared leadership and its contributing factors play in local CSO executive retention is crucial in stabilizing their futures and the communities they serve. Given the importance of strong executive leadership, gaining a deeper awareness of the factors that support ED retention regionally will enable the Koop to make informed decisions on its capacity-building activities. Most significantly, it will contribute to local CSO ED retention strategies, bolstering their organizational sustainability as they face an era of change with a strapped labour market and increased demand for services. The research aimed to investigate a leadership model within CSOs that is more compatible with executive retention. It sought to address the research problem of high executive turnover, with a limited labour pool of candidates for the most critical organizational role. The guiding research questions were, “Does shared leadership provide a protective effect in CSO executive director retention?” and “What influence do the various shared leadership constructs have?”
Evaluating the Shift Toward Community Inclusion: Service Provider Perspectives on the Agency of Persons with Developmental Disabilities in British Columbia
(2025) Cucheron, Ryan; Lepore, Walter
Network-driven: Co-designing the BC Non-Profit Network's participatory evaluation
(2024) Lin, Joyce; Lepore, Walter
Guided by the principles of Community Engaged Research, this project organized a participatory evaluation design process to create an evaluation model and multi-phased evaluation frameworks for the newly launched BC Non-Profit Network. The design process is centred on involving the budding Network's network partners in decision-making about the evaluation design, treating the network partners as co-researchers whose participation influenced the project's approach, data collection, and analysis process. Through this, the project explores the merits and tensions of applying participatory evaluation to an infant network and its implications on shaping evaluation as a tool for accountability versus learning and community oversight. Set within a BC non-profit sector context, Network-Driven contributes the example of applying recommended network evaluation practices while prioritizing a commitment to community development principles.
International Climate-Affected Migrant Immigration Policy and Practices and their Applicability in the Canadian Context
(2024) Reid, Meghan; Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel
This Master of Arts in Community Development research project explores international and Canadian climate-affected migration policies and frameworks, with a focus on emerging promising practices and their potential application in Canada. Currently, Canadian immigration policy does not account for individuals displaced due to climate change (Omeziri & Gore, 2014, p. 49; ibid., p. 45; Galloway, 2022, p. 28). As Andeva (2020) highlights, many existing systems for supporting environmentally displaced persons are designed to address short-term emergencies rather than long-term crises (p. 79). This research examines international frameworks and regional responses to climate-affected migration to assess their applicability in Canada. The research also considers the role of key stakeholders in shaping future Canadian immigration policy. Given the growing impact of climate change, it is critical that Canada prepares to support climate-affected migrants through inclusive and forward-thinking policies.
Living wage initiative outcome harvest: Evaluation report
(2024) Fawcett, Jolene; Chouinard, Jill Anne
This report provides an overview of an Outcome Harvest evaluation of Vibrant Communities Calgary's Living Wage Initiative. Vibrant Communities Calgary (VCC) is a nonprofit organization that advocates for and convenes groups around social and economic issues and solutions – they steward the City of Calgary’s community-owned poverty reduction strategy "Enough for All". One goal of the strategy is to ensure Calgarians have enough income and assets to thrive, which is advanced by promoting living wage pay. A living wage is the hourly rate that is region-specific that takes into account what an employee needs to be paid to meet their basic needs, save for an unexpected event, and to participate in society. VCC's Living Wage Initiative works in several ways to promote living wage pay, including convening partners to support establishing the Alberta Living Wage Network (ALWN) a provincially coordinated living wage movement. Outcome Harvesting is a robust evaluation methodology that measures impacts by surfacing what outcomes have occurred over a specified time period, and seeks to understand the significance of them and the contribution of the program. It is useful in complex environments, where change is not predictable or linear, such as in poverty reduction and systems change efforts. This Outcome Harvest evaluation looked at changes between 2019-2024 for living wage certified employers and their employees, for Calgary's local economy, for collective advocacy efforts in Alberta, and for government and funder decision-making and policy, and asked how VCC contributed to the changes. The findings suggest that employers had to make adaptations to become and maintain their certification, and they subsequently experienced several benefits and challenges, with the benefits outweighing the challenges, reinforcing their commitment to certification and living wage pay. The evaluation found that employees experienced positive job satisfaction and personal benefits which had a ripple effect out to their families and communities, and reinforced employer positive outcomes. Further, several municipalities and nonprofit organizations came together to establish the Alberta Living Wage Network which increased awareness and education on the living wage, advanced recruitment of more network members and living wage employers, and facilitated utilization of living wage in policy and decision making with varying success. Overall, the efforts of VCC, the ALWN members, and living wage allies have developed a robust movement that provides a credible and tangible indicator to talk about affordability and poverty as a systemic and not an individual issue. Overall, this facilitates more employees having enough income and assets to thrive and promotes meaningful and dignified work, advancing VCC's work in the community-owned Enough for All poverty reduction strategy.
Supportive housing design: Resident health and wellness needs
(2024) Lodhi, Maariyah; Cunningham, Barton
The built environment and design of housing affects the mental health and wellness of those who have previously been homeless and reside in supporting housing complexes. When overlooked, a poorly designed facility can have negative implications on an individual’s mental health and wellness. This capstone research project underlines the importance of understanding the needs of supportive housing residents living at Uplands Walk, a supportive housing site in Nanaimo, British Columbia, operated by Pacifica Housing Advisory Association (Pacifica Housing). Pacifica Housing is a non-profit housing organization operating in Victoria and Nanaimo, British Columbia. The organization provides supportive housing for individuals and families on Vancouver Island. Uplands Walk is a purpose-built supportive housing site located in North Nanaimo. The complex provides stable, permanent housing to 34 previously homeless individuals. Although there has been a rapid increase in supportive housing facilities in response to the housing crisis and the number of individuals experiencing homelessness, little research exists on the significance of built environments and the design of supportive housing. Methods include 10 interviews and photographs of the complex captured through autophotography to find data highlighting successes, improvements and recommendations to support residents' mental health and wellness needs. Participants express their appreciation for the suitability of the housing space along with the process of upgrading and improving the design. The most significant themes were suitability and ongoing design stemming from adaptive design concepts based on Cherns’ Sociotechnical Design Theory (1976). Opportunities for social interactions, opportunities for engagement and safety autonomy were also major themes highlighted from engagement design concepts based on Supportive Design Theory by Roger Ulrich (1991). The findings recommend the need for flexible and adaptable design in the building complex to allow for the changing needs of residents to be met. Recommendations include renovated communal areas, improved amenities, lighting solutions and ideas for resident socialization. Additionally, participants suggested safety measures such as security. Architects, interior designers and housing organizations can better understand resident feedback and incorporate flexible design to existing and future complexes. Overall, understanding the varying and constantly changing needs of residents allows for more inclusive solutions, thus leading to higher satisfaction rates and improved wellness
"They were my anchor": Understanding and strengthening the mentor role at Restorative Justice Victoria
(2024) Hannan, Tiffany; Lapper, Robert
Restorative Justice Victoria (RJV)'s mentor role supports and guides offenders and victims through the restorative justice (RJ) process. The role in this context is distinct from the traditional uses of the word "mentor", and differs from other RJ practitioner roles such as facilitator or mediator. Mentors are uncommon in RJ organisations yet are essential to RJV’s work and ensuring successful outcomes for clients, especially for complex cases and those involving violent harms. This research aimed to examine and deepen understanding of the unique mentor role at RJV, to strengthen its effectiveness, sustainability, and provide actionable recommendations for enhancing mentor recruitment, training, and support, with potential applications for broader RJ practice. Using an intrinsic case study methodology, semi-structured key informant interviews were conducted with mentors and one victim. A jurisdictional scan was conducted which included participation from RJ organisation in BC, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Key findings include a summary of mentor's past experiences, their strengths, skills and approaches, rewards and challenges, as well as impacts and value. Recommendations were provided to RJV to continue strengthening the role.
Promising practices of successful public toilets in small municipalities in British Columbia
(2024) Arbo, Jen; Siemens, Lynne
This master’s project examines lessons learned by BC municipal planners who have worked on providing public toilets, with a focus on municipalities in BC with populations of 100,000 or fewer. The issue is complex, and no one-size-fits-all solution will work for all municipalities. Providing public toilets has benefits and disadvantages, but the challenges can be overcome through relevant, evidence-based practices. This project recommends six promising practices that municipalities can incorporate to increase their successful provision of public toilets. An increase in the number of safe, clean public toilets available in small BC municipalities will improve access to basic sanitation and increase livability across the province, especially for vulnerable people.
Project Venture - An Exploration of its Principles of Sustainability
(2024) Amell, Christopher; Chouinard, Jill Anne
The Project Venture Organization has been supporting the expansion of Project Venture (PV) to encourage healthy choices among Native American youth since the early 2000s. However, the replication of PV often faces many challenges for long-term sustainability. This research project investigated practitioners' experiences in implementing PV and identified strategies for enhancing capacity to maintain PV programming and its benefits past initial funding. The study utilized a mixed-method approach, incorporating a literature review, quantitative data collection, and qualitative interviews. The findings from the study indicate that practitioners recognize the importance of mentorship, early sustainability efforts, and increased engagement with the Project Venture Organization to learn wise practices for program sustainability. The research provides insights into PV sustainability efforts and offers recommendations to inform the development of Project Venture literature, training, and mentorship.
An Intersectional Analysis of Client Satisfaction with Home Care in Canada
(2024) Oginni, Oyindamola; Lepore, Walter; Hicks, Jason
Home care is a priority for all Canadians but evidence from literature suggests that the home care system is generally prone to inequality. Client satisfaction is an integral component of home care, which measures the quality of home care. This study used the intersectional framework of gender and Indigenous identity to analyze client satisfaction with home care among home care recipients in Canada to determine the existence of inequalities in client satisfaction with home care. The study design was based on secondary data analysis. The data source was the Canadian Community Health Survey 2021. The study population was respondents who received home care in the last 12 months. Intersectional strata (dummy variables) were created from gender and Indigenous identity. The outcome variable was client satisfaction (a binary variable with 0 “Not satisfied/Undecided” and 1 “Satisfied”). The control variables were age, income, sexual orientation, and language often spoken. Provincial/Territory variable was used for clustering the standard errors to account for heteroscedasticity across the clusters of observations. Quantitative analyses were conducted using frequencies, percentages, and multiple linear regression models. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The non-Indigenous men and the non-Indigenous women together accounted for about 75 percent of the respondents, while the Indigenous men and the Indigenous women together accounted for about three percent of the respondents. Among the non-Indigenous men and the non-Indigenous women, 90.7 percent and 90.1 percent respectively expressed satisfaction with home care; meanwhile, 82.0 percent of Indigenous men and 88.8 percent of Indigenous women respectively expressed satisfaction with home care. Overall, 90.4 percent of the respondents were satisfied with home care. After controlling for age, income, sexual orientation, and languages, the regression analysis identified the Indigenous women and the non-Indigenous women as significantly (p<0.05) having a 9.6 percentage point and a 10.2 percentage point lower satisfaction with home care respectively, relative to “men with other identities”. The study findings suggest the existence of inequalities in client satisfaction with home care, which is a barrier to the fundamental objectives of the program in Canada. The inequality in client satisfaction with home care identified in this study can be tackled in two ways. One approach involves community-based intervention, where experts lead strategy development and the community helps carry it out, gradually taking over responsibility. Alternatively, community development work emphasizes empowering community groups to identify and address disparities themselves, focusing on long-term sustainability and community empowerment. This approach prioritizes community involvement in resolving underlying issues.
Exploring the Transition to a Community Health Centre Model of Primary Care: A Case Study on the Experiences of Physicians in the Kootenay Boundary
(2024) Jackson, Leah; Brousselle, Astrid
Timely access to primary health care services is reflective of an effective health care system, yet many people in British Columbia (B.C.) lack access to a family physician. At a time when people are living longer and there is growing recognition of the need to address the social determinants of health, patient needs are becoming increasingly complex and requiring the support of multidisciplinary teams. This situation is leading communities to explore alternative ways of organizing primary health care to meet the diverse needs of both patients and providers. The success of primary care reform to date has been impacted by both a shortage of family physicians and the barriers inherent in practicing as teams within a physician-owned clinic supported by a Fee-For-Service (FFS) compensation model. In the Kootenay Boundary region of B.C., the development of a network of Community Health Centers (CHCs) is being explored to address the issues referenced above. This vision involves transitioning existing physician- owned primary care clinics into a not-for-profit model. As such, the purpose of this research project is to better understand the enablers and barriers for transitioning primary care models based on the experience of physicians, Kootenay Boundary Division of Family Practice (KBDoFP) staff, and community members.
Disability Education at Canadian Law Schools
(2024) van Vugt, Andrea; Lapper, Robert
This project explores how Canadian law schools are incorporating disability education into their course offerings and course content and how disability education in law school has the potential to affect access to justice for disabled people. Disability education at law schools includes teaching law students about laws that affect people with disabilities and/or providing perspective and awareness of the lived experience and history of disabled people. This project draws on findings from a literature review, a basic organizational scan of Canada’s 18 law schools, and 9 interviews with faculty that teach at Canadian post-secondary institutions in the Faculty of Law. Disabled people face financial barriers, political barriers, and cultural barriers that affect their access to justice. Disability intersects with identities of age, race, gender, sexual orientation, immigration status, and religion. Within these intersections, there are groups of people who receive inequitable treatment in the justice system because they belong to one or more of these marginalized groups. Yet, without disability as an intentional topic in legal education, these intersections may never be explored in the classroom and students will not have an opportunity to learn about the importance of equitable access to justice for disabled people.
A Formative Evaluation of the Whistler 360 Health Collaborative Society
(2024) Lutz, Erin; Chouinard, Jill
Whistler 360 Health Collaborative Society (Whistler 360 Health) is a locally governed charitable organization established in 2022 based on two years of research to address the shortage of primary care providers in Whistler, BC (Whistler 360 Health Collaborative Society, 2023). This evaluation was conducted during the first year of Whistler 360 Health taking over operations of Whistler Medical Clinic in January 2023. This evaluation aims to provide a narrative of Whistler 360 Health during its first year of implementation and operation and identify key areas of success, learning, and recommendations for further implementation. Whistler 360 Health is in the early stages of implementation. As such, the purpose of this formative evaluation is to explore the strengths and challenges experienced to date, the unique strengths of this initiative, and factors relevant to its future sustainability.
My Reconciliation Journey
(2024-02-16) Skobel, Tara; Thiessen, Susanne
It is a well-known fact that Indigenous people are treated horribly, and I would like to see the systems change globally to create safer countries for Indigenous, Black, and People of Colour (IBPOC). At some point, systems need to change, and people will realize that we need to do better because how the systems are set up now violates fundamental human rights. I believe we can create a system that allows Indigenous people to have their rights and freedoms upheld and where self-determination is the way of life for all Indigenous people across Canada. I also believe that all Indigenous people should have clean drinking water. It is disgusting that so many Indigenous people are without clean drinking water. I stand in solidarity with Every Child Matters, Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls and Two-Spirited (MMIWG2S), and #LandBack movements. I hope this report provokes feelings and inspiration to make positive changes for Indigenous people. I also hope non-Indigenous people feel inspired to take practical and actionable steps to start their journey of Reconcilaition. I dream of facilitating Your Reconciliation Journey workshop series across BC and Canada.

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