Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries

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dc.contributor.authorRichardson, Katherine
dc.contributor.authorSteffen, Will
dc.contributor.authorLucht, Wolfgang
dc.contributor.authorBendtsen, Jørgen
dc.contributor.authorCornell, Sarah E.
dc.contributor.authorDonges, Jonathan F.
dc.contributor.authorDrüke, Markus
dc.contributor.authorFetzer, Ingo
dc.contributor.authorBala, Govindasamy
dc.contributor.authorvon Bloh, Werner
dc.contributor.authorFeulner, Georg
dc.contributor.authorFiedler, Stephanie
dc.contributor.authorGerten, Dieter
dc.contributor.authorGleeson, Tom
dc.contributor.authorHofmann, Matthias
dc.contributor.authorHuiskamp, Willem
dc.contributor.authorKummu, Matti
dc.contributor.authorMohan, Chinchu
dc.contributor.authorNogués-Bravo, David
dc.contributor.authorPetri, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorPorkka, Miina
dc.contributor.authorRahmstorf, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorSchaphoff, Sibyll
dc.contributor.authorThonicke, Kirsten
dc.contributor.authorTobian, Arne
dc.contributor.authorVirkki, Vili
dc.contributor.authorWang-Erlandsson, Lan
dc.contributor.authorWeber, Lisa
dc.contributor.authorRockström, Johan
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-22T16:20:50Z
dc.date.available2025-09-22T16:20:50Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractThis planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity. Ocean acidification is close to being breached, while aerosol loading regionally exceeds the boundary. Stratospheric ozone levels have slightly recovered. The transgression level has increased for all boundaries earlier identified as overstepped. As primary production drives Earth system biosphere functions, human appropriation of net primary production is proposed as a control variable for functional biosphere integrity. This boundary is also transgressed. Earth system modeling of different levels of the transgression of the climate and land system change boundaries illustrates that these anthropogenic impacts on Earth system must be considered in a systemic context.
dc.description.reviewstatusReviewed
dc.description.scholarlevelFaculty
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by the European Research Council (Project Earth Resilience in the Anthropocene, ERC-2016-ADG 743080); European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant no. 819202); German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) through the “PIK Change” framework (grant no. 01LS2001A), and Carlsberg Foundation (Queen Margrethe’s and Vigdís Finnbogadóttir´s Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Ocean, Climate, and Society, CF20-0071). POEM development and application were supported by the Volkswagen Foundation (POEM-PBSim—A Simulator for Earth’s planetary boundaries, AZ 98046) and work on the biosphere functional integrity boundary by the Global Challenges Foundation.
dc.identifier.citationRichardson, K., Steffen, W., Lucht, W., Bendtsen, J., Cornell, S. E., Donges, J. F., Drüke, M., Fetzer, I., Bala, G., Von Bloh, W., Feulner, G., Fiedler, S., Gerten, D., Gleeson, T., Hofmann, M., Huiskamp, W., Kummu, M., Mohan, C., Nogués-Bravo, D., . . . Rockström, J. (2023). Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries. Science Advances, 9(37). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh2458
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh2458
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1828/22781
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherScience Advances
dc.rightsCC BY-NC 4.0
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subject.departmentSchool of Earth and Ocean Sciences
dc.subject.departmentDepartment of Civil Engineering
dc.titleEarth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries
dc.typeArticle

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