A synthesis of the prevalence and drivers of non-compliance in marine protected areas

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dc.contributor.authorIacarella, Josephine C.
dc.contributor.authorClyde, Georgia
dc.contributor.authorBergseth, Brock J.
dc.contributor.authorBan, Natalie C.
dc.date.accessioned2021-03-01T23:45:13Z
dc.date.available2021-03-01T23:45:13Z
dc.date.copyright2021en_US
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractNon-compliance regularly negates the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs) worldwide. Understanding and addressing non-compliance is critical given continued efforts to establish MPAs to meet international milestones (e.g., Aichi targets). We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis to address five key questions and research gaps for MPAs: 1) how is non-compliance best measured? 2) what are common drivers of non-compliance? 3) what is the overall prevalence of non-compliance? 4) how frequently is ecological failure of MPAs attributed to non-compliance? and 5) are there measurable management impacts on regulated fishing in MPAs (i.e., effective reduction of fishing)? We found 151 papers that had some focus on non-compliant resource extraction in MPAs and 96 that quantified it. Insufficient enforcement was the most cited driver of non-compliance, followed by several socio-economic drivers including lack of awareness, livelihood/economic gain, social norms, and ineffective governance. Prohibited fishing in MPAs was often reduced compared to outside areas, as shown by our meta-analysis. However, we found frequent reports and measures of non-compliance globally, and many cases of failed ecological performance attributed primarily to non-compliance (57% of 67 relevant studies). Overall, our synthesis demonstrates that non-compliance continues to be a prevalent issue for MPAs. Reducing non-compliance and ensuring effective MPAs will rely on continuous evaluation of non-compliance to inform adaptive management, as well as addressing the complex, interrelated drivers that arise throughout MPA planning, establishment, and management.en_US
dc.description.reviewstatusRevieweden_US
dc.description.scholarlevelFacultyen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipWe thank the authors who provided raw data and further information for inclusion of their study in our review. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for helping improve the manuscript. Funding was provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) National Conservation Plan (JCI and GC), the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (BJB), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NCB).en_US
dc.identifier.citationIacarella, J. C., Clyde, G., Bergseth, B. J., & Ban, N. C. (2021). A synthesis of the prevalence and drivers of non-compliance in marine protected areas. Biological Conservation, 255, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108992.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108992
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1828/12739
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherBiological Conservationen_US
dc.subjectEcological performance
dc.subjectIllegal activities
dc.subjectLiterature review
dc.subjectManagement effectiveness
dc.subjectMeta-analysis
dc.subjectPoaching
dc.subject.departmentSchool of Environmental Studies
dc.titleA synthesis of the prevalence and drivers of non-compliance in marine protected areasen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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