Effects of a wilderness program on self-esteem and locus of control orientations of young adults
Date
1981
Authors
Bertolami, Cheryl
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Abstract
This study examined the effects of a high risk wilderness program upon levels of self-esteem and locus of control orientations of female and male participants (age range 17 - 28), from the perspective of personality development during young adulthood.
A quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group design was used to collect quantitative data from young adults (N = 45). The program group consisted of participants of a standard 26-day Outward Bound Course (N = 19). The course provided a wilderness experience, including challenging activities such as kayaking, rock climbing, and backpacking, designed to promote self-discovery of students. A control group (N = 26) was drawn from individuals registered in the course which followed the course for the treatment group. Pretest and posttests were administered 26 days apart using two self-esteem measures: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Self-Esteem Scale from the Inventory of Outward Bound Effects. Levenson's multidimensional Locus of Control Scale and the Self-Assertion Scale from the Inventory of Outward Bound Effects were used to collect data and for locus of control orientations. Hypotheses were tested using Single Classification Analysis of Covariance (p < .05). Qualitative data were collected from one patrol (N = 6) of the program group to answer a research question concerning the process of change associated with participation in a high risk wilderness program.
Results based on comparison with control group subjects showed significant increases in self-esteem for male and female participants. Differential effects of the wilderness program on changes in locus of control orientations were found depending on sex. Females and males increase significantly in self-assertion. However, females decreased significantly in perceptions that events were controlled by powerful others and chance, while males significantly increased in internal locus of control orientations. Reasons for these findings are examined. Analysis of qualitative data supported these findings. Students felt more able to exert control over their lives, while developing a realistic recognition of their personal limits. Students also experienced increased self-awareness, leading to a higher but realistic feeling of self-worth.
Conclusions were drawn that the structures wilderness experience provides an important medium for enhancing the personal development of young adults, specifically in self-esteem and locus on control dimensions of personality. Theoretical implications and direction for further research were suggested.