Benthic fluxes of oxygen and heat from a seasonally hypoxic region of Saanich Inlet fjord observed by eddy covariance

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dc.contributor.authorReimers, Clare E.
dc.contributor.authorSanders, Rhea D.
dc.contributor.authorDewey, Richard
dc.contributor.authorNoel, Rick
dc.date.accessioned2020-10-08T16:12:07Z
dc.date.available2020-10-08T16:12:07Z
dc.date.copyright2020en_US
dc.date.issued2020
dc.description.abstractBenthic habitats within fjords are predominantly insulated from the high energy physical dynamics of open coastlines. As a result, fjords may have atypical mass and heat transfer rates at the seafloor. This study presents aquatic eddy covariance (EC) measurements made continuously from late May 2013 through December 2013, in Saanich Inlet fjord, British Columbia, to assess areal-averaged benthic fluxes of dissolved oxygen and heat, and their relationships to bottom boundary layer dynamics and water properties. The measurements were achieved by the connection of a system of underwater EC sensors to Ocean Network Canada's Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea (VENUS) observatory that has a primary seafloor node located near the 100-m isobath in Patricia Bay off the eastern shore of Saanich Inlet. Current velocities and turbulence (characterized by turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate estimates) were observed to be generally low with the weakest dynamics in autumn during periods of heightened hypoxia. EC fluxes that represented turbulent eddy transport in balance with the seafloor source/sink were derived through conditional criteria that excluded measurements occurring when the bottom boundary layer was not sufficiently turbulent or when transient shifts in bottom water properties were observed. The accepted fluxes of oxygen (−1.6 ± 1.2 mmol m−2 d−1) and heat (0.27 ± 0.57 W m−2) showed only modest variations within the observed 7-month period in Saanich Inlet. Broader implications of these fluxes are that: 1) seafloor oxygen uptake rates are too limited to drive annual expansions and intensification of the site's overlying seasonal hypoxic zone, and 2) heat transferred to the seabed in summer is only slowly dissipated back to the water column during other times of the year.en_US
dc.description.reviewstatusRevieweden_US
dc.description.scholarlevelFacultyen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was supported by grants from the M. J. Murdock Charitable Trust and the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE awards 1061218 and 1634319). We also thank the support of the Canadian Foundation for Innovation and the Province of British Columbia for funds to build and operate Ocean Networks Canada's VENUS observatory. We acknowledge the use of code developed by M. Reidenbach for turbulence dissipation derivations. Other contributors to the instrumentation development, execution of the experiment, and data recovery were R. Lueck, K. Bartlett and P. Macoun.en_US
dc.identifier.citationReimers, C. E., Sanders, R. D., Dewey, R., & Noel, R. (2020). Benthic fluxes of oxygen and heat from a seasonally hypoxic region of Saanich Inlet fjord observed by eddy covariance. Estuariane, Coastal and Shelf Science, 243, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106815.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106815
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1828/12186
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Scienceen_US
dc.subjectBenthic fluxes
dc.subjectEddy covariance
dc.subjectObservatory
dc.subjectHypoxia
dc.subjectTurbulence
dc.subjectSaanich inlet
dc.subject.departmentSchool of Earth and Ocean Sciences
dc.titleBenthic fluxes of oxygen and heat from a seasonally hypoxic region of Saanich Inlet fjord observed by eddy covarianceen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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