Enhancing Physical and Psychosocial Health of Older Adults in Saudi Arabia through Walking: Comparison between Supervised Group-Based and Non-Supervised Individual-Based Walking

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dc.contributor.authorKarmakar, Palash
dc.contributor.authorWong, Ming-Yu (Claudia)
dc.contributor.authorAlMarzooqi, Mezna A.
dc.contributor.authorAlghamdi, Nouf
dc.contributor.authorOu, Kailing
dc.contributor.authorDuan, Yanping
dc.contributor.authorRhodes, Ryan E.
dc.contributor.authorZhang, Chun-Qing
dc.date.accessioned2023-12-14T19:43:17Z
dc.date.available2023-12-14T19:43:17Z
dc.date.copyright2023en_US
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractWalking is widely recognized as one of the most common and effective forms of physical activity, particularly for older adults. This study examined the comparative effects of two types of walking interventions, including supervised group-based intervention (SGBI) and non-supervised individual-based intervention (NSIBI), on frailty syndrome, cognitive functions or skills, and health-related quality of life among sedentary older Saudi individuals. A 15-week double-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) including three groups (two were intervention groups while the other was the control group) was conducted among older adults who were inactive to examine the effect of different forms of walking interventions on frailty syndrome, cognitive functions, and health-related quality of life. A total of 107 participants, including 65 males and 42 females, were divided into three groups, which include SGBI, NSIBI, and the control group. Frailty syndrome was measured using the physical performance test (PPT), while cognitive function and health-related quality of life were assessed using the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Short Form 36 (SF 36) health survey questionnaire. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with the pre- and post-tests were performed for within- and between-group differences. while post-test data for the control group participants were absent due to the change in elderly center regulation, and they were excluded from the analysis. Hence, the comparison was stated only between the intervention groups. Both of the intervention groups (SGBI and NSIBI) showed significant within-subject differences in the Physical Function subscale of the health-related quality of life scale only, with F(1,20) = 23.03, p < 0.001, and F(1,18) = 27.22, p < 0.001, respectively. On the other hand, the Physical Performance Test revealed significant [F(2,51) = 9.21, p < 0.001] between-group differences in the post-test based on the baseline values. In addition, the average step count of older adults was increased from 4000 steps per session to around 7000 steps per session in the intervention group. The average heart rate of the NSIBI group did not show a visible change, and the resting heart rate of both groups showed a slightly declining trend throughout the intervention period. The walking intervention significantly increased participants’ physical function, which is a component of health-related quality of life and physical performance (frailty level), along with average daily step counts for older adults in Saudi Arabia. Regular engagement in the recommended level of walking is strongly advisable for Saudi Arabian older adults to maintain their overall quality of life at this stage.en_US
dc.description.reviewstatusRevieweden_US
dc.description.scholarlevelFacultyen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by the Prince Faisal bin Fahad Award for Sports Research, administered by the Leaders Development Institute under the Ministry of Sport in Saudi Arabia. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of Leaders Development or the Ministry of Sport in Saudi Arabiaen_US
dc.identifier.citationKarmakar, P., Wong, M.-Y. (Claudia), AlMarzooqi, M. A., Alghamdi, N., Ou, K., Duan, Y., Rhodes, R. E., & Zhang, C.-Q. (2023). Enhancing physical and psychosocial health of older adults in Saudi Arabia through walking: Comparison between supervised group-based and non-supervised individual-based walking. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(11), 2342–2357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13110165en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13110165
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1828/15708
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherEuropean Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Educationen_US
dc.rightsAttribution 2.5 Canada*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ca/*
dc.subjectwalking intervention
dc.subjectolder adults
dc.subjectfrailty syndrome
dc.subjectcognitive skill
dc.subjectquality of life
dc.subjectSaudi Arabia
dc.subject.departmentSchool of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education
dc.titleEnhancing Physical and Psychosocial Health of Older Adults in Saudi Arabia through Walking: Comparison between Supervised Group-Based and Non-Supervised Individual-Based Walkingen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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