Cost-effectiveness of a police education program on HIV and overdose among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico

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dc.contributor.authorCepeda, Javier A.
dc.contributor.authorBeletsky, Leo
dc.contributor.authorAbramovitz, Daniela
dc.contributor.authorSaldana, Carlos Rivera
dc.contributor.authorKahn, James G.
dc.contributor.authorBañuelos, Arnulfo
dc.contributor.authorRangel, Gudelia
dc.contributor.authorArredondo, Jaime
dc.contributor.authorVickerman, Peter
dc.contributor.authorBórquez, Annick
dc.contributor.authorStrathdee, Steffanie A.
dc.contributor.authorMartin, Natasha K.
dc.date.accessioned2024-04-02T15:44:26Z
dc.date.available2024-04-02T15:44:26Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.description.abstractBackground: Incarceration is associated with drug-related harms among people who inject drugs (PWID). We trained >1800 police officers in Tijuana, Mexico on occupational safety and HIV/HCV, harm reduction, and decriminalization reforms (Proyecto Escudo). We evaluated its effect on incarceration, population impact and cost-effectiveness on HIV and fatal overdose among PWID. Methods: We assessed self-reported recent incarceration in a longitudinal cohort of PWID before and after Escudo. Segmented regression was used to compare linear trends in log risk of incarceration among PWID pre-Escudo (2012-2015) and post-Escudo (2016-2018). We estimated population impact using a dynamic model of HIV transmission and fatal overdose among PWID, with incarceration associated with syringe sharing and fatal overdose. The model was calibrated to HIV and incarceration patterns in Tijuana. We compared a scenario with Escudo (observed incarceration declines for 2 years post-Escudo among PWID from the segmented regression) compared to a counterfactual of no Escudo (continuation of stable pre-Escudo trends), assessing cost-effectiveness from a societal perspective. Using a 2-year intervention effect and 50-year time horizon, we determined the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER, in 2022 USD per disability-adjusted life years [DALYs] averted). Findings: Compared to stable incarceration pre-Escudo, for every three-month interval in the post-Escudo period, recent incarceration among PWID declined by 21% (adjusted relative risk = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68-0.91). Based on these declines, we estimated 1.7% [95% interval: 0.7%-3.5%] of new HIV cases and 12.2% [4.5%-26.6%] of fatal overdoses among PWID were averted in the 2 years post-Escudo, compared to a counterfactual without Escudo. Escudo was cost-effective (ICER USD 3746/DALY averted compared to a willingness-to-pay threshold of $4842-$13,557). Interpretation: Escudo is a cost-effective structural intervention that aligned policing practices and human-rights-based public health practices, which could serve as a model for other settings where policing constitutes structural HIV and overdose risk among PWID.
dc.description.reviewstatusReviewed
dc.description.scholarlevelFaculty
dc.description.sponsorshipJAC received funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA043421); AB was funded for this work by National Institute on Drug Abuse (DP2DA049295, US–Mexico drug abuse prevention research fellowship, (R01DA037773, and R37A015612) and by the UC MEXUS CONACyT postdoctoral fellowship; SS and LB were supported by NIDA grant R01DA039073 and NM was funded by NIDA grants R01DA03773 and R01DA049644, NIAID/NIDA (R01AI147490), and the San Diego Center for AIDS Research (SD CFAR), an NIH-funded program (P30AI036214), which is supported by the following institutes and centers: NIAID, NCI, NHLBI, NIA, NICHD, NIDA, NIDCR, NIDDK, NIGMS, NIMN, NIMHD, FIC, and OAR.
dc.identifier.citationCepeda, J. A., Beletsky, L., Abramovitz, D., Saldana, C. R., Kahn, J. G., Bañuelos, A., ... Martin, N. K. (2024). Cost-effectiveness of a police education program on HIV and overdose among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 30, 100679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2024.100679
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2024.100679
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1828/16335
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherThe Lancet Regional Health - Americas
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectstructural intervention
dc.subjectlaw enforcement
dc.subjectHIV
dc.subjectoverdose
dc.subjectmodelling
dc.subjectcost-effectiveness
dc.titleCost-effectiveness of a police education program on HIV and overdose among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico
dc.typeArticle

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