Accounting for human–nature linkages in area-based conservation monitoring through social–ecological indicator bundles

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dc.contributor.authorBan, Natalie C.
dc.contributor.authorCarr, Mark H.
dc.contributor.authorRubidge, Emily M.
dc.contributor.authorSalomon, Anne
dc.contributor.authorClaudet, Joachim
dc.contributor.authorLevine, Arielle
dc.contributor.authorAylesworth, Lindsay
dc.contributor.authorRamirez, Luisa
dc.contributor.authorBurt, Jenn M.
dc.contributor.authorAndrachuk, Mark
dc.contributor.authorTamburello, Natascia
dc.contributor.authorMartone, Rebecca
dc.contributor.authorSchuhbauer, Anna
dc.contributor.authorMeehan, Mairi
dc.contributor.authorBaker, Dana
dc.contributor.authorGurney, Georgina G.
dc.contributor.authorBennett, Nathan J.
dc.contributor.authorGill, David
dc.contributor.authorSingh, Gerald
dc.contributor.authorGelcich, Stefan
dc.contributor.authorMaloney, Avery
dc.contributor.authorBeaty, Fiona
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-05T17:18:53Z
dc.date.available2026-03-05T17:18:53Z
dc.date.copyright2025
dc.description.abstractAs the coverage of area-based conservation increases across the globe, it is critical to improve understanding of the social and ecological outcomes of such measures and the pathways to their outcomes. A social–ecological systems approach to monitoring and evaluation is increasingly advocated; yet, applications remain scarce. We sought to facilitate operationalization of this approach through prioritization of indicators when resources are scarce and to improve capture of social–ecological interactions. We convened a working group of practitioners and academics to explore linked social and ecological interactions through a case study of marine protected areas (MPAs). We used causal models (implemented through causal loop diagrams) in participatory and future-oriented approaches to identify interactions among key nodes of the system that can be a focus of monitoring. These nodes and their interactions provided insight into linked indicators of key system components, for example, biomass, compliance, perceived legitimacy, catches, and perceived fairness. We called these indicator bundles. Indicator bundles can be applied to analyze causal modeling diagrams, identify essential elements to monitor, and inform analytical and reporting protocols. The bundles can also help identify key leverage points for adaptive management to improve outcomes of existing interventions. This approach can inform monitoring and evaluation and, ultimately, the design and adaptive management of conservation areas that maximize social and ecological benefits and minimize negative trade-offs.
dc.description.reviewstatusReviewed
dc.description.scholarlevelFaculty
dc.description.sponsorshipWe thank the Quadra Centre for Coastal Dialogue, the Tula Foundation, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nature United, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (E.W.R. Steacie Award to N.C.B., and Discovery Grant), and the University of Victoria's Faculty of Social Sciences President's Chair to N.C.B. for making this work possible.
dc.identifier.citationBan, N. C., Carr, M. H., Rubidge, E. M., Salomon, A., Claudet, J., Levine, A., Aylesworth, L., Ramirez, L., Burt, J. M., Andrachuk, M., Tamburello, N., Martone, R., Schuhbauer, A., Meehan, M., Baker, D., Gurney, G. G., Bennett, N. J., Gill, D., Singh, G., . . . Beaty, F. (2025). Accounting for human–nature linkages in area-based conservation monitoring through social–ecological indicator bundles. Conservation Biology, e70156. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70156
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70156
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1828/23400
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherConservation Biology
dc.rightsCC BY-NC-ND 4.0en
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectarea-based conservation measures
dc.subjectindicator bundles
dc.subjectmarine
dc.subjectmarine protected areas
dc.subjectmonitoring and evaluation
dc.subjectOECMs
dc.subjectsocial–ecological linkages
dc.subjectsocial–ecological systems
dc.subject.departmentSchool of Environmental Studies
dc.titleAccounting for human–nature linkages in area-based conservation monitoring through social–ecological indicator bundles
dc.typeArticle

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