Highly variable coastal deformation in the 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake reflects rupture complexity along a transpressional plate boundary

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dc.contributor.authorClark, K.J.
dc.contributor.authorNissen, E.K.
dc.contributor.authorHowarth, J.D.
dc.contributor.authorHamling, I.J.
dc.contributor.authorMountjoy, J.J.
dc.contributor.authorRies, W.F.
dc.contributor.authorJones, K.
dc.contributor.authorGoldstien, S.
dc.contributor.authorCochran, U.A.
dc.contributor.authorVillamor, P.
dc.contributor.authorHreinsdóttir, S.
dc.contributor.authorLitchfield, N.J.
dc.contributor.authorMueller, C.
dc.contributor.authorBerryman, K.R.
dc.contributor.authorStrong, D.T.
dc.date.accessioned2018-02-26T17:51:58Z
dc.date.available2018-02-26T17:51:58Z
dc.date.copyright2017en_US
dc.date.issued2017
dc.description.abstractCoseismic coastal deformation is often used to understand slip on offshore faults in large earthquakes but in the 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake multiple faults ruptured across and sub-parallel to the coastline. Along ∼110 km of coastline, a rich dataset of coastal deformation comprising airborne lidar differencing, field surveying and satellite geodesy reveals highly variable vertical displacements, ranging from −2.5 to 6.5 m. These inform a refined slip model for the Kaikōura earthquake which incorporates changes to the slip on offshore faults and inclusion of an offshore reverse crustal fault that accounts for broad, low-amplitude uplift centered on Kaikōura Peninsula. The exceptional detail afforded by differential lidar and the high variability in coastal deformation combine to form the highest-resolution and most complex record of coseismic coastal deformation yet documented. This should prompt reassessment of coastal paleoseismic records that may not have considered multi-fault ruptures and high complexity deformation fields.en_US
dc.description.reviewstatusRevieweden_US
dc.description.scholarlevelFacultyen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipFunding for the post-earthquake coastal uplift field survey and subsequent analysis was provided by GeoNet, with the support of its sponsors New Zealand Earthquake Commission (EQC), GNS Science, and Land Information New Zealand, and Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) response funding, provided through the Natural Hazards Research Platform (grant 2017-GNS-01-NHRP), and GNS Science MBIE strategic science investment funding (GNS-SSIF-TSZ). Land Information New Zealand, New Zealand Transport Authority, Environment Canterbury, Marlborough District Council, Aerial Surveys Ltd and AAM NZ Ltd are thanked for providing high quality lidar data. The 2012 lidar data (http://dx.doi.org/10.5069/G98C9T67) and derived products are hosted and disseminated by the OpenTopography Facility (http://www.opentopography.org/) with support from the US National Science Foundation under NSF Awards 1226353 and 1225810. Biljana Lukovic and Dave Heron are thanked for readily providing GIS support and logistical support in the field was provided by Zoe Juniper. Funding for the offshore fault mapping work with RV Ikatere was provided by MBIE through the Natural Hazards Research Platform (grant C05X0907). NIWA survey staff Susi Woelz, Tim Kane and Will Quinn collected and processed the marine data and we thank the RV Ikatere crew for completing the marine field work in challenging conditions. Whalewatch Kaikōura are thanked for their support during this and previous offshore fieldwork campaigns. The RV Tangaroa survey was funded by MBIE through the Endeavour Fund (grants C05X1605 and COPR1702) and the Tangaroa Reference Group. We thank Laura Wallace and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on the manuscript.en_US
dc.identifier.citationClark, K.J., Nissen, E.K., Howarth, J.D., Hamling, I.J., Mountjoy, J.J., Ries, W.F., … Strong, D.T. (2017). Highly variable coastal deformation in the 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake reflects rupture complexity along a transpressional plate boundary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 474(September), 334-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.048en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.048
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1828/9096
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherEarth and Planetary Science Lettersen_US
dc.subjectcoastal deformation
dc.subjectmulti-fault rupture
dc.subjectKaikōura earthquake
dc.subjectlidar differencing
dc.subjectplate boundary
dc.subject.departmentSchool of Earth and Ocean Sciences
dc.titleHighly variable coastal deformation in the 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake reflects rupture complexity along a transpressional plate boundaryen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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